Mnyoo-unywele
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 Mnyoo-unywele (Gordius aquaticus)
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Oda 2, familia 3
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Minyoo-unywele ni spishi za minyoo-kuru za faila Nematomorpha zilizo ni ndefu na nyembamba sana kama nywele nene. Wapevu huishi huru katika maji matamu au ya chumvi na kuonekana mara nyingi kwenye hori za kunywea maji, mabwawa ya kuogelea, matangi ya maji, vijito na madimbwi. Lava ni vidusia wa arithropodi kama mbawakawa, mende, vivunjajungu, panzi, nyenje na gegereka[1].
Takriban spishi zote zina urefu wa mm 50-100, lakini baadhi yao ni ndefu zaidi hadi m 2. Unene wao ni mm 1-3. Minyoo-unywele wana kutikulo ya nje bila silio. Ndani ya mwili wana misuli inayopita kutoka mbele mpaka nyuma tu na utumbo usiofanya kazi bila mifumo ya kinyesi, upumuaji na mzunguko wa damu. Mfumo wa neva huwa na duara ya neva karibu na ncha ya mbele na kamba ya neva chini inayoenda kupitia mwili.[2]
Minyoo hawa wana jinsia mbili tofauti na utungisho wa ndani wa mayai ambayo hutagwa kwa nyuzi za rojorojo. Wapevu wana gonadi za umbo la mcheduara zinazojifungua kwenye kloaka. Lava wana duara za ndoano za kutikulo na sindano kwenye ncha ya nyuma ambazo inaaminika kutumiwa kuingia katika vidusiwa. Wakiwa ndani ya kidusiwa, lava huishi ndani ya hemoseli na kunyonya virutubisho moja kwa moja kupitia ngozi yao. Maendeleo mpaka maumbile ya mpevu huchukua wiki au miezi na lava hubambua mara kadhaa wakikua[2].
Kwa Spinochordodes tellinii na Paragordius tricuspidatus, ambao wana panzi na nyenje kama vidusiwa wao, maambukizi huathiri ubongo wa kidusiwa. Hii husababisha mdudu kidusiwa kuruka ndani ya maji na kujizamisha na hivyo kurudisha mnyoo-unywele kwenye maji[3]. P. tricuspidatus pia ana uwezo wa ajabu kustahimili kuliwa na mbuai kwa kidusiwa wao kwa kuwa na uwezo wa kunyanyuka kutoka kwa mbuai huyu[4]. Kidusia huathiri macho ya Hierodula patellifera ili huyu avutiwe na nuru yenye uelekeo hususa. Kwa hivyo kidusiwa huingia ndani ya maji na mzunguko wa maisha wa kidusia hukamilika[5].
Picha
hariri-
Paragordius tricuspidatus -
Mnyoo-unywele asiyetambuliwa -
Gordius sp. akitoka katika Stenopelmatus sp.
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Kutazama
haririMarejeo
hariri- ↑ Hanelt, B, F. Thomas, and A. Schmidt-Rhaesa (2005). "Biology of the phylum Nematomorpha". Advances in Parasitology Volume 59. Juz. la 59. ku. 244–305. doi:10.1016/S0065-308X(05)59004-3. ISBN 9780120317592. PMID 16182867.
{{cite book}}:|journal=ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ↑ 2.0 2.1 Barnes, Robert D. (1982). Invertebrate Zoology. Philadelphia, PA: Holt-Saunders International. ku. 307–308. ISBN 978-0-03-056747-6.
- ↑ Thomas, F.; Schmidt-Rhaesa, A.; Martin, G.; Manu, C.; Durand, P.; Renaud, F. (Mei 2002). "Do hairworms (Nematomorpha) manipulate the water seeking behaviour of their terrestrial hosts?" (PDF). Journal of Evolutionary Biology. 15 (3): 356–361. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.485.9002. doi:10.1046/j.1420-9101.2002.00410.x. S2CID 86278524. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo (PDF) mnamo 2015-09-24.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) — according to Thomas et al., the "infected insects may first display an erratic behaviour which brings them sooner or later close to a stream and then a behavioural change that makes them enter the water", rather than seeking out water over long distances. - ↑ Ponton, Fleur; Camille Lebarbenchon; Thierry Lefèvre; David G. Biron; David Duneau; David P. Hughes; Frédéric Thomas (Aprili 2006). "Parasitology: Parasite survives predation on its host" (PDF). Nature. 440 (7085): 756. Bibcode:2006Natur.440..756P. doi:10.1038/440756a. PMID 16598248. S2CID 7777607.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - ↑ "Parasites manipulate praying mantis's polarized-light perception, causing it to jump into water". phys.org (kwa Kiingereza). Iliwekwa mnamo 2021-07-04.