Upatanisho wa imani na sayansi

Upatanisho wa imani na sayansi ni juhudi zinazofanywa na watu wa dini mbalimbali kuondoa mzozo uliotokea kati ya imani na sayansi, hasa kuhusu suala la uumbaji kuhusiana na mageuko ya spishi. Juhudi hizo zinaitwa pengine kwa Kiingereza: theistic evolution, theistic evolutionism, evolutionary creationism, divine direction, au God-guided evolution.

Ieleweke mapema kwamba juhudi hizo hazilengi kutunga au kupitisha nadharia yoyote katika sayansi, ila kuonyesha uwezekano wa kukubali kweli zilizothibitishwa na utafiti wa sayansi pamoja na kweli zilizosadikiwa kwa kupokea ufunuo wa Mwenyezi Mungu.

Juhudi zinapingwa na wanasayansi wanaoshikilia uyakinifu na vilevile na watu wenye itikadi kali katika dini.

Asili ya suala hilo

Mzozo wa uumbaji-mageuko unahusisha mjadala unaoendelea na kuendeshwa hata katika utamaduni na siasa kuhusu asili ya Dunia, mwanadamu na wengineo. Zamani iliaminika bila shaka kuwa vyote vilivyopo viliumbwa vile vilivyo na vinavyoonekana. Katika enzi za sasa, na haswa baada ya mabadiliko ya karne ya 19, mageuko ya spishi kutokana na uteuzi maalumu unaotenda kazi kiasili katika viumbe au katika makundi ya viumbe yamethibitishwa na sayansi kuwa ndiyo msingi au chipuko na sababu ya dhati ya uhai na sifa zinazopatikana katika viumbe hivyo vya sasa au zilizopatikana katika viumbe enzi za kale. Kwa namna hiyo wapo wanasayansi wanaopinga imani na wapo wahubiri wa dini wanaopinga sayansi.

Kumbe watetezi wa upatanisho wa imani na sayansi wanaona si lazima uwepo upinzani kati ya hizo mbili kwa sababu kila moja inakabili masuala yake kwa namna yake. Yaani sayansi inachunguza ulimwengu na vyote vilivyomo kwa vipimo na utafiti wa kitaalamu, wakati imani inataka kupokea ufunuo wa Mungu ambao hauwezi kukanusha ukweli wowote.

Faili:Comparison of faces of Homo sapiens and Neanderthal.jpg

Sura ya Homo sapiens wa zamani (kushoto) na ya Homo neanderthalensis (kulia) zinavyoonyeshwa huko Neanderthal Museum.

Suala linavyojitokeza kwa kawaida

Mtu wa kwanza alitoka wapi ni swali ambalo wengi wanajiuliza bila kupata jibu la hakika. Kwa namna ya pekee wanafunzi wa shule wanapofundishwa katika historia kuwa mtu wa kwanza alitokana na kiumbehai mwenye asili moja na sokwe. Kumbe katika dini zao wanafundishwa kwamba mtu aliumbwa na Mungu. Hivyo wanajiuliza, lipi sahihi? Wapo wengi wanaodhani ni lazima kuchagua moja katika ya hayo mawili: ama kwamba mtu ametokana na kiumbehai aliyetangulia ama kwamba Mungu alimuumba mtu wa kwanza kama tulivyo sisi leo.

Katika sayansi

Sayansi imechunguza viumbehai waliopo duniani sasa na mabaki ya wale waliokuwepo zamani. Hasa baada ya kugundua DNA imeweza kuona uhusiano kati ya hao viumbehai mbalimbali. Hivyo imethibitisha kwamba mwili wa binadamu na ule wa sokwe imetokana na kiumbehai wa zamani (miaka milioni 5 au zaidi iliyopita) katika mlolongo wa mageuko ya spishi.

Lakini sayansi haiwezi kusema kitu juu ya roho, kwa sababu si mata, hivyo haipimiki. Zaidi sana haiwezi kusema lolote juu ya Mungu, kwa sababu si wa ulimwengu huu. Hata hivyo wapo wanasayansi wengi ambao walisadiki na wanasadiki dini fulani bila shida yoyote.

Katika imani na dini

Tofauti na itikadi kali katika dini, kuna mitazamo inayolenga kujumuisha au kupatanisha ujuzi kutoka maeneo haya mawili, yaani imani na sayansi. Ni kwamba wanaomuamini Mungu kama muumba wa vitu vyote, vinavyoonekana na visivyoonekana, si lazima wasadiki kwamba aliviumba vyote kama vilivyo sasa. La sivyo wangeshindwa kueleza kwa nini watu wa leo wametofuatiana hivi kati yao, wakati wanaaminika wote kuwa watoto wa Adamu na Eva. Mabadiliko yaliweza kutokea kadiri ya maisha na mazingira yao, na bado yanazidi kutokea: kwa mfano leo watoto wanakuwa warefu zaidi.

Jambo la msingi kwa imani ni kwamba vyote asili yake ni Mungu tu aliyeviumba kwa hiari yake. Hata leo Mungu anazidi kuumba watu na viumbe vingine, lakini anatumia wazazi wao, hawaumbi moja kwa moja. Ni vilevile kuhusu mtu wa kwanza: hata kama Mungu alitumia kiumbehai aliyetangulia katika kumuumba Adamu anabaki muumba wake kwa sababu hata kiumbe huyo alikuwa kazi yake kama ulimwengu wote ulivyo kadiri ya imani.

Katika falsafa

Kuna wakati ni vigumu kulinganisha sayansi na dini. Dini inamhusu Mungu ambaye ndiye Mwanzo wa vitu vyote. Mwanafalsafa Emmanuel Kant alisema kinachoanza ni kitu kisichoonekana, na ndicho kinasababisha kitu cha wazi kutokea. Kama ni hivyo basi, sayansi na dini ni vitu viwili tofauti, ingawa vina uhusiano kama vile baba na mama ni watu wawili tofauti ingawa wanahusiana.

Vyanzo

• Artigas, Mariano; Glick, Thomas F., Martínez, Rafael A.; Negotiating Darwin: the Vatican confronts evolution, 1877–1902, JHU Press, 2006, ISBN|0-8018-8389-X, 9780801883897, Google books
• Bowler, Peter J. (1992). The Eclipse of Darwinism: anti-Darwinian evolutionary theories in the decades around 1900. Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-4391-4. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Bowler, Peter J. (2003). Evolution:The History of an Idea. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-23693-6. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Brundell, Barry, "Catholic Church Politics and Evolution Theory, 1894-1902", The British Journal for the History of Science, Vol. 34, No. 1 (Mar., 2001), pp. 81–95, Cambridge University Press on behalf of The British Society for the History of Science, JSTOR
• Desmond, Adrian J.; Moore, James Richard (1991) [1969]. Darwin. Michael Joseph. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Kung, Hans, beginning of all things: science and religion, trans. John Bowden, Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 2007, ISBN|0-8028-0763-1, ISBN|978-0-8028-0763-2. ]
• Larson, Edward J. (2004). Evolution: The Remarkable History of Scientific Theory. Modern Library. ISBN 978-0-679-64288-6. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Numbers, Ronald L. (1993) [1992]. The Creationists: The Evolution of Scientific Creationism. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520083936. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Numbers, Ronald (Novemba 30, 2006). The Creationists: From Scientific Creationism to Intelligent Design, Expanded Edition. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-02339-0. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
• Rahner, Karl, Encyclopedia of Theology: A Concise Sacramentum Mundi, 1975, Continuum International Publishing Group, ISBN|0860120066, 9780860120063, google books
• Scott, Eugenie C., "Antievolution and Creationism in the United States", Annual Review of Anthropology, Vol. 26, (1997), pp. 263–289, JSTOR

Marejeo mengine

Mitazamo ya kisasa

• Collins, Francis; (2006) The Language of God: A Scientist Presents Evidence for Belief ISBN|0-7432-8639-1
• Michael Dowd (2009) Thank God for Evolution: How the Marriage of Science and Religion Will Transform Your Life and Our World ISBN|0-452-29534-3
• Falk, Darrel; (2004) Coming to Peace with Science: Bridging the Worlds Between Faith and Biology ISBN|0-8308-2742-0
• Miller, Kenneth R.; (1999) Finding Darwin's God: A Scientist's Search for Common Ground Between God and Evolution ISBN|0-06-093049-7
• Miller, Keith B.; (2003) Perspectives on an Evolving Creation ISBN|0-8028-0512-4
• Corrado Ghinamo; (2013) The Beautiful Scientist: a Spiritual Approach to Science ISBN|1621474623; ISBN|978-1621474623

Historia ya suala hilo

• Appleby, R. Scott. Between Americanism and Modernism; John Zahm and Theistic Evolution, in Critical Issues in American Religious History: A Reader, Ed. by Robert R. Mathisen, 2nd revised edn., Baylor University Press, 2006, ISBN|1-932792-39-2, ISBN|978-1-932792-39-3. Google books
• Harrison, Brian W., Early Vatican Responses to Evolutionist Theology, Living Tradition, Organ of the Roman Theological Forum, May 2001.
• Morrison, John L., "William Seton: A Catholic Darwinist", The Review of Politics, Vol. 21, No. 3 (Jul., 1959), pp. 566–584, Cambridge University Press for the University of Notre Dame du lac, JSTOR
• O'Leary, John. Roman Catholicism and modern science: a history, Continuum International Publishing Group, 2006, ISBN|0-8264-1868-6, ISBN|978-0-8264-1868-5 Google books

Viungo vya nje

• Evolutionary Creation: A Christian Approach to Evolution by Denis Lamoureux (St. Joseph's College, Edmonton)
• About: Agnosticism/Atheism on 'Theistic Evolution & Evolutionary Creationism' Ilihifadhiwa 24 Aprili 2013 kwenye Wayback Machine. by Austin Cline; overview of various viewpoints
• Creationism: What's a Catholic to Do? by Michael D. Guinan, O.F.M.; critical assessment of creationism and intelligent design from a Roman Catholic perspective.
• What is Creationism? by Mark Isaak, presents various forms of creationism
• What is Evolution? by Laurence Moran, presents a standard definition for evolution
• Answers In Creation Old Earth Creationism, with section on theistic evolution
• Evolution & Creation: A Theosophic Synthesis Surveys critical problems in Darwinist explanations and common theistic views; explores ancient and modern "excluded middle" alternatives
• The Vatican's View of Evolution: The Story of Two Popes by Doug Linder (2004)
• Nobel Prize winner Charles Townes on evolution and "intelligent design"
• Spectrum of Creation Beliefs Ilihifadhiwa 15 Desemba 2015 kwenye Wayback Machine. From Flat Earthism to Atheistic Evolutionism, including Theistic Evolution
• Human Timeline (Interactive) – Smithsonian, National Museum of Natural History (August 2016).

Taasisi za kutetea upatanisho wa imani na sayansi

• God and Evolution at the TalkOrigins Archive
• Perspectives on Theistic Evolution An examination of both the theological and scientific aspects of theistic evolution.
• The "Clergy Letter" Project Ilihifadhiwa 9 Mei 2008 kwenye Wayback Machine. signed by thousands of clergy supporting evolution and faith

Makala hii kuhusu mambo ya dini bado ni mbegu. Je, unajua kitu kuhusu mada hii kama historia yake au uenezi wake? Labda unaona habari katika Wikipedia ya Kiingereza au lugha nyingine zinazofaa kutafsiriwa? Basi unaweza kuisaidia Wikipedia kwa kuihariri na kuongeza habari.