Ujuzilio

(Elekezwa kutoka Gnosis)

Ujuzilio (pia: Unostiki, Gnosi; kwa Kiingereza: "Gnosticism", kutoka neno la Kigiriki γνωστικός, gnostikos, "mwenye ujuzi", ambalo mzizi wake ni γνῶσις, gnōsis, "ujuzi") ni nadharia ya wokovu kupatikana kwa njia ya maarifa.

Maabadi ya Wamandayo huko Nasiriya, Iraq.

Historia hariri

Mazingira ya asili ni Uyahudi wa karne ya 1 na ya 2 BK.

Wafuasi wa Gnosi hiyo, wakitafsiri namna yao Torati na vitabu vingine vya Biblia, walidai ulimwengu unaoonekana haukuumbwa na Mwenyezi Mungu, bali na roho nyingine iliyofunga chembe ya Umungu katika mwili. Walidai kuwa maarifa, si imani, yanaweza kukomboa hiyo chembe.

Nadharia hiyo ilistawi hasa kando ya Bahari ya Kati, ikichanganyikana na falsafa ya Plato na matapo ya Ukristo yaliyopingwa na uongozi wa Kanisa kama uzushi.

Kuanzia karne ya 3 nguvu ya nadharia hiyo ilipungua, lakini bila kufutika kabisa katika ustaarabu wa magharibi hadi leo. Kwa mfano, ulijitokeza katika Renaissance.

Dini maalumu iliyoanzishwa kwenye msingi wa unostiki ilikuwa Umani (Manichaeism). Kutoka Dola la Persia, unostiki huo ulienea hadi China.

Leo hii kuna jumuiya moja iliyotokana na unostiki wa kale ambayo ni jumuiya ndogo ya Wamandayo katika Iraki na kusini mwa Iran.

Vyanzo hariri

Vitabu hariri

  • Aland, Barbara (1978). Festschrift für Hans Jonas. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. ISBN 3-525-58111-4. 
  • Albrile, Ezio (2005), "Gnosticism: History of Study", in Jones, Lindsay, MacMillan Encyclopdia of Religion, MacMillan 
  • Bauer, Walter, Orthodoxy and Heresy in Earliest Christianity, Fortress, ISBN 0-8006-1363-5 
  • Brakke, David (2010), The Gnostics: Myth, Ritual, and Diversity in Early Christianity, Harvard University Press, ASIN B004Z14APQ 
  • Broek, Roelof van den (1996), Studies in Gnosticism and Alexandrian Christianity 
  • Broek, Roelof van den (2013), Gnostic Religion in Antiquity, Cambridge University Press 
  • Burstein, Dan (2006). Secrets of Mary Magdalene. CDS Books. ISBN 1-59315-205-1. 
  • Cohen, Arthur A.; Mendes-Flohr, Paul (2010), 20th Century Jewish Religious Thought 
  • Conze, Edward (1967), "Buddhism and Gnosis", in Bianchi, U., Origins of Gnosticism: Colloquium of Messina, 13–18 April 1966 
  • Conze, Edward (1967), "Buddhist prajna and Greek Sophia", Religion. Volume 5, Issue 2, Autumn 1975, Pages 160-167 
  • Dunderberg, Ismo (2008), Beyond gnosticism: myth, lifestyle, and society in the school of Valentinus, Columbia University Press 
  • Dunn, James D.G. (2016), ""The Apostle of the Heretics": Paul, Valentinus, and Marcion", in Porter, Stanley E.; Yoon, David, Paul and Gnosis, BRILL, doi:10.1163/9789004316690_008 
  • Ehrman, Bart D. (2003), Lost Christianities, Oxford University Press 
  • Filoramo, Giovanni (1990). A History of Gnosticism. Oxford: Basil Blackwell. ISBN 978-0631187073. 
  • Freke, Timothy; Gandy, Peter (2002), Jesus and the Lost Goddess : The Secret Teachings of the Original Christians, Three Rivers Press, ISBN 0-00-710071-X 
  • Freke, Timothy; Gandy, Peter, De mysterieuze Jezus. Was Jezus oorspronkelijk een heidense god?, Uitgeverij Synthese 
  • Green, Henry (1985). Economic and Social Origins of Gnosticism. Scholars P., U.S. ISBN 0-89130-843-1. 
  • Haardt, Robert (1967). Die Gnosis: Wesen und Zeugnisse. Otto-Müller-Verlag, Salzburg. pp. 352 pages. , translated as Haardt, Robert (1971). Gnosis: Character and Testimony. Brill, Leiden. 
  • Halsall, Guy (2008), Barbarian migrations and the Roman West, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-43491-2 
  • Hoeller, Stephan A. (2002). Gnosticism — New Light on the Ancient Tradition of Inner Knowing. Wheaton: Quest. pp. 257 pages. ISBN 0-8356-0816-6. 
  • Huidekoper, Frederic (1891), Judaism at Rome: BC 76 to AD 140, D. G. Francis 
  • Jonas, Hans (1993). Gnosis und spätantiker Geist vol. 2:1–2, Von der Mythologie zur mystischen Philosophie. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. ISBN 3-525-53841-3. 
  • King, Charles William (1887). The Gnostics and Their Remains. 
  • King, Karen L. (2003), What is Gnosticism?, Harvard University Press, pp. 343 pages, ISBN 0-674-01071-X 
  • Klimkeit, Hans-Joachim (1993). Gnosis on the Silk Road: Gnostic Texts from Central Asia. Harper, San Francisco. ISBN 0-06-064586-5. 
  • Kosack, Wolfgang: Geschichte der Gnosis in Antike, Urchristentum und Islam. Verlag Christoph Brunner, Basel 2014. ISBN|978-3-906206-06-6
  • Lahe, Jaan (2006), "IST DIE GNOSIS AUS DEM CHRISTENTUM ABLEITBAR? EINE KRITISCHE AUSEINANDERSETZUNG MIT EINEM URSPRUNGSMODELL DER GNOSIS", TRAMES, 2006, 10(60/55), 3, 220–231 
  • Layton, Bentley (1995). "Prolegomena to the study of ancient gnosticism". In edited by L. Michael White, O. Larry Yarbrough. The Social World of the First Christians: Essays in Honor of Wayne A. Meeks. Fortress Press, Minneapolis. ISBN 0-8006-2585-4. 
  • Layton, Bentley (ed.) (1981). The Rediscovery of Gnosticism: Sethian Gnosticism. E.J. Brill. 
  • Magris, Aldo (2005), "Gnosticism: Gnosticism from its origins to the Middle Ages (further considerations)", in Jones, Lindsay, MacMillan Encyclopdia of Religion, MacMillan 
  • Markschies, Christoph (2000). Gnosis: An Introduction. trans. John Bowden. T & T Clark. pp. 145 pages. ISBN 0-567-08945-2. 
  • Markschies, "Christolph" (2003), Gnosis: An Introduction, T.& T.Clark Ltd 
  • McVey, Kathleen (1981), "Gnosticism, Feminism, and Elaine Pagels", Princeton Theological Seminary, Vol 37, Issue 4, 1981 
  • Mins, Denis (1994). Irenaeus. Geoffrey Chapman. 
  • Pagels, Elaine (1975), The Gnostic Paul: Gnostic Exegesis of the Pauline Letters, ISBN 1-56338-039-0 
  • Pagels, Elaine (1979), The Gnostic Gospels, New York: Vintage Books, pp. 182 pages, ISBN 0-679-72453-2 
  • Pagels, Elaine (1989). The Johannine Gospel in Gnostic Exegesis. Atlanta, Ga.: Scholars Press. pp. 128 pages. ISBN 1-55540-334-4. 
  • Pearson, Birger Albert (2004), Gnosticism and Christianity in Roman and Coptic Egypt 
  • Petrement, Simone (1990), A Separate God: The Origins and Teachings of Gnosticsim, Harper and Row ISBN|0-06-066421-5
  • Perkins, Pheme (2005), "Gnosticism: Gnosticism as a Christian heresy", in Jones, Lindsay, MacMillan Encyclopdia of Religion, MacMillan 
  • Quispel, Gilles (2004), "Voorwoord", in Pagels, Elaine, De Gnostische Evangelien, Servire 
  • Quispel, Gilles (2005), "Gnosticism: Gnosticism from its origins to the Middle Ages [first edition]", in Jones, Lindsay, MacMillan Encyclopdia of Religion, MacMillan 
  • Rousseau, A.; Doutreleau, L. (1974), Saint Irénée de Lyon : Traité contre les hérésies 
  • Rudolph, Kurt (1987). Gnosis: The Nature & Structure of Gnosticism. Harper & Row. ISBN 0-06-067018-5. 
  • Smith, Carl B. (2004), No Longer Jews: The Search for Gnostic Origins, Hendrickson Publishers 
  • Temporini, Hildegard; Vogt, Joseph; Haase, Wolfgang (1983), Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt (Rise and Decline of the Roman World) Vl 21/1 Volume 2; Volume 21, Walter de Gruyter, ISBN 3-11-008845-2 
  • Tuckett, Christopher M. (1986). Nag Hammadi and the Gospel Tradition: Synoptic Tradition in the Nag Hammadi Library. T & T Clark. ISBN 0-567-09364-6.  (206 pages)
  • Turner, John (1986), "Sethian Gnosticism: A Literary History", Nag Hammadi, Gnosticism and Early Christianity, archived from the original on 2012-12-11 
  • Walker, Benjamin (1990). Gnosticism: Its History and Influence. Harper Collins. ISBN 1-85274-057-4. 
  • Williams, Michael (1996), Rethinking Gnosticism: An Argument for Dismantling a Dubious Category, Princeton University Press, ISBN 0-691-01127-3 
  • Yamauchi, Edwin M. (1983). Pre-Christian Gnosticism : A Survey of the Proposed Evidences. ISBN 0-8010-9919-6.  (278 pages)
  • Yamauchi, Edwin M., "Pre-Christian Gnosticism in the Nag Hammadi Texts?," in Church History vol. 48, (1979), pp. 129–141.

Tovuti hariri

Marejeo mengine hariri

Vyanzo vikuu
Vya jumla
  • King, Karen L. (2005), What is Gnosticism?, Harvard University Press 
  • Broek, Roelof van den (2013), Gnostic Religion in Antiquity, Cambridge University Press 
Wasethi
  • Turner, John D. (2001), "Chapter Seven: The History of the Sethian Movement", Sethian Gnosticism and the Platonic Tradition, Presses Université Laval 

Viungo vya nje hariri

 
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