Nadharia ya njama
Nadharia ya njama (kwa Kiingereza: conspiration theory) ni masimulizi yanayodai kwamba kundi la watu ("wala njama") wamepatana kwa siri ("kula njama") kufanya mambo haramu au mabaya na kuyaficha mbele ya umma.
Nadharia za njama kwa kawaida zina ushahidi mdogo au zinakosa ushahidi wowote. Kuna pia nadharia za njama zinazorejelea matukio halisi lakini kuzieleza kutokana na njama isiyojulikana na watu wengi.
Nadharia nyingi za njama zinadai kwamba matukio fulani ya kihistoria hayakutokea jinsi yanavyoelezwa katika vitabu vya historia bali kufuatana na njama fulani.
Mifano
haririNadharia za njama zilizokuwa maarufu katika miaka iliyopita ni pamoja na
- kwamba kutua mwezini kwa Apollo 11 hakukutokea[1], picha zote zilipigwa duniani tu[2]
- Shambulio la 11 Septemba 2001 lilitekelezwa na serikali ya Marekani ili kupata sababu ya kufanya vita katika nchi za Waislamu [3]
- rais John F. Kennedy wa Marekani aliuawa na polisi yake ya siri
- Wamasoni wana mpango wa kutawala dunia yote[4]
Nadharia za njama zilizosababisha majanga
haririWakati nadharia za njama zilipolengwa dhidi ya kundi fulani katika jamii ziliweza kusababisha majanga kama mauaji ya kimbari au ya kidini.
- Mashtaka kuwa Wayahudi wa Ulaya walisababisha vifo vya miaka ya tauni kwa kutia sumu kwenye visima vilisababisha mashambulio dhidi ya jumuiya za Wayahudi na maelfu ya vifo
- Mashtaka dhidi ya Waarmenia kuwa walitaka kubomoa milki ya Osmani yalikuwa msingi kwa Maangamizi ya Waarmenia ya miaka 1915-1918
- Mashtaka dhidi ya Wayahudi wa karne za 19 na 20 kuwa walilenga kutawala Dunia waliweka msingi kwa itikadi ya Adolf Hitler na maangamizi makuu dhidi ya Wayahudi wa Ulaya
- Ubaguzi wa Wabahai nchini Iran umehalalishwa kwa imani kuwa hao ni mawakala wa polisi za siri za Uingereza, Marekani au Israeli.
Marejeo
hariri- ↑ Moon Base Clavius is devoted to analyzing the conspiracists' claims and attempting to debunk them
- ↑ Apollo Lunar Surface Journal, Photos, audio, video and complete communication transcriptions of the six successful landings and Apollo 13
- ↑ Staff Editors (3 February 2005). "Debunking the 9/11 Myths: Special Report – The World Trade Center", Popular Mechanics. Hearst Communication. Archived from the original on 11 January 2015. Retrieved 24 June 2017.
- ↑ "Conspiracy theories and secret handshakes: what do we know about Freemasons?", Daily Express. 24 November 2015. Archived from the original on 25 January 2018. Retrieved 29 November 2017.
Viungo vya Nje
hariri- State Department's Todd Leventhal Discusses Conspiracy Theories, 2009, U.S. Department of State's Bureau of International Information Programs usembassy.gov
- September 11 Conspiracy Theories: Confused stories continue, 2006, usembassy.gov
- Why Rational People Buy Into Conspiracy Theories, Maggie Koerth-Baker, 21 May 2013, NYT.
- Naomi Wolf. "Analysis of the appeal of conspiracy theories with suggestions for more accurate ad hoc internet reporting of them". Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 2 Novemba 2008.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - Stuart J. Murray (2009). "Editorial Introduction: 'Media Tropes'". MediaTropes eJournal. 2 (1): i–x.
- Conspiracism, Political Research Associates