Walombardi

Walombardi (au Walongobardi, kutoka Kilatini Langobardi, yaani "wenye ndevu ndefu") walikuwa moja kati ya makabila ya Kijerumani.

Hatua kuu za uhamaji wa Walombardi kutoka Uswidi hadi Italia.

Utawala wa Walombardi Italia (samawati) ilipofikia kilele chake (751).

Kutoka Uswidi walianza kuelekea kusini na kati ya karne ya 2 hadi karne ya 6 walifika hadi Italia ambayo waliiteka kuanzia mwaka 568 na kuitawala kwa kiasi kikubwa hadi waliposhindwa na Karolo Mkuu mwaka 774.

Hata hivyo katika Italia Kusini walidumu kutawala maeneo mapana hadi karne ya 11 walipozidiwa na Wanormani. Jambo hilo lilifanya wakazi wengi wabaki nje ya utawala wa dola la Bizanti na Ukristo wa Mashariki.

Hasa baada ya kuacha Uario na kujiunga na Kanisa Katoliki, Walombardi walichanganyikana na wenyeji. Kwa kuwa katika kuhamahama hawakukaa sana nje ya maeneo ya Kijerumani, tofauti na Wagothi, walileta Italia urithi wa kijenetikia karibu sawa na ule wa watu wa Skandinavia (hasa kisiwa cha Gotland). Mchango huo katika DNA ya Waitalia wa leo kwa jumla hauzidi 10%.

Vilevile katika maeneo walipoishi walichangia mabadiliko ya lugha ya Kilatini kuwa Kiitalia na lugha na lahaja nyingine za Kirumi.

Vyanzo

• Cosmographer wa Ravenna
• Historia Langobardorum Codicis Gothani katika Codex Gothanus
• Historia Langobardorum
• Origo Gentis Langobardorum
• Tacitus. Annals
• Tacitus. Germania

Marejeo ya kisasa

• Amorim, Carlos Eduardo G. (Februari 20, 2018a). "Understanding 6th-Century Barbarian Social Organization and Migration through Paleogenomics". 9 (3547). bioRxiv 10.1101/268250. doi:10.1101/268250. Iliwekwa mnamo Machi 13, 2020. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |layurl=, |laydate=, |nopp=, na |laysource= (help); Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Invalid |ref=harv (help)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
• Amorim, Carlos Eduardo G. (Septemba 11, 2018b). "Understanding 6th-century barbarian social organization and migration through paleogenomics". Nature Communications. 9 (3547). Nature Research. doi:10.1038/s41467-018-06024-4. PMC 6134036. PMID 30206220. Iliwekwa mnamo Machi 13, 2020. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |layurl=, |laydate=, |nopp=, na |laysource= (help); Invalid |ref=harv (help)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
• Bluhme, Friedrich (1868). Die Gens Langobardorum und ihre Herkunft, ...und ihre Sprache. Bonn: A.Marcus.
• Brown, Thomas S. (2005). "Lombards". Katika Kazhdan, Alexander P. (mhr.). The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195187922. Iliwekwa mnamo Januari 26, 2020. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |subscription= (help); Invalid |ref=harv (help)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
• Bruckner, Wilhelm (1895). Die Sprache der Langobarden, Quellen und Forschungen zur Sprach- und Culturgeschichte der germanischen Völker, 75. Strassburg: Karl J. Trübner.
• Christie, Neil (1995). The Lombards. Wiley. ISBN 0631182381. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |subscription= na |registration= (help); Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Christie, Neil (2018). "Lomvard Invasion Of Italy". Katika Nicholson, Oliver (mhr.). The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity. Oxford University Press. ku. 919–920. doi:10.1093/acref/9780198662778.001.0001. ISBN 9780191744457. Iliwekwa mnamo Machi 13, 2020. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |subscription= (help); Invalid |ref=harv (help)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
• Christie, Neil (2018). "Lombards". Katika Nicholson, Oliver (mhr.). The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity. Oxford University Press. ku. 920–922. doi:10.1093/acref/9780198662778.001.0001. ISBN 9780191744457. Iliwekwa mnamo Machi 13, 2020. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |subscription= (help); Invalid |ref=harv (help)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
• Darvill, Timothy (2009). "Lombards". The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology (tol. la 3). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acref/9780199534043.001.0001. ISBN 9780191727139. Iliwekwa mnamo Januari 25, 2020. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |subscription= (help); Invalid |ref=harv (help)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
• Everett, Nicholas (2003). Literacy in Lombard Italy, c. 568-774. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521819053.
• Fröhlich, Hermann (1976). "Zur Herkunft der Langobarden". In Quellen und Forschungen aus italienischen Archiven und Bibliotheken (QFIAB) 55/56. Tübingen : Max Niemeyer. pp. 1–21.
• Fröhlich, Hermann (1980). Studien zur langobardischen Thronfolge. In two volumes. Diss. Eberhard-Karls-Universität zu Tübingen.
• Giess, Hildegard. "The Sculpture of the Cloister of Santa Sofia in Benevento",The Art Bulletin, Vol. 41, No. 3. (September 1959), pp 249–256.
• Grimm, Jacob (1875–78) [1st ed. 1835]. Deutsche Mythologie
• Gwatkin, H. M., Whitney, J. P. (ed) (1913). The Cambridge Medieval History: Volume II—The Rise of the Saracens and the Foundations of the Western Empire.
• Hallenbeck, Jan T (1982). Pavia and Rome: The Lombard Monarchy and the Papacy in the Eighth Century. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, vol.74 — New Series, part 4. Philadelphia.
• Hammerstein-Loxten, Wilhelm Freiherr von (1869). Die Bardengau. Hannover: Hahn'sche Buchhandlung.
• Hartmann, Ludo Moritz. Geschichte Italiens im Mittelalter II Vol.
• Hodgkin, Thomas. Italy and Her Invaders. Clarendon Press
• Leonardi, Michela (Septemba 6, 2018). "The female ancestor's tale: Long‐term matrilineal continuity in a nonisolated region of Tuscany". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 167 (3). Wiley: 497–506. bioRxiv 10.1101/268250. doi:10.1002/ajpa.23679. PMID 30187463. Iliwekwa mnamo Machi 13, 2020. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |layurl=, |laydate=, |nopp=, na |laysource= (help); Invalid |ref=harv (help)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
• Menghin, Wilifred. Die Langobarden / Geschichte und Archäologie. Theiss
• O'Sullivan, Niall (Septemba 9, 2018). "Ancient genome-wide analyses infer kinship structure in an Early Medieval Alemannic graveyard". Science Advances. 4 (9). American Association for the Advancement of Science. doi:10.1126/sciadv.aao1262. PMC 6124919. PMID 30191172. Iliwekwa mnamo Machi 13, 2020. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |layurl=, |laydate=, |nopp=, na |laysource= (help); Invalid |ref=harv (help)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
• Oman, Charles (1914) [1893] . The Dark Ages 476–918 (6th ed.). Periods of European History. London: Rivingtons.
• Pohl, Walter and Erhart, Peter (2005). Die Langobarden : Herrschaft und Identität. Forschungen zur Geschichte des Mittelalters, 9. Wien: VÖAW.
• Priester, Karin (2004). Geschichte der Langobarden: Gesellschaft – Kultur – Altagsleben. Stuttgart: Konrad Theiss.
• The Lombard Laws. Ilitafsiriwa na Katherine Fischer Drew. foreword by Edward Peters. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. 1973. ISBN 0-8122-1055-7.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
• Santosuosso, Antonio (2004). Barbarians, Marauders, and Infidels: The Ways of Medieval Warfare. ISBN 0-8133-9153-9
• Schmidt, Dr. Ludwig (1885). Zur Geschichte der Langobarden. Leipzig: Gustav Fock. Also in (1884) Älteste Geschichte der Langobarden. Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der Völkerwanderung. Dissertation. Leipzig, Universität.
• Todd, Malcolm (2004). The Early Germans. Wiley. ISBN 9781405117142. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |subscription= na |registration= (help); Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Wegewitz, Willi. Das langobardische Brandgräberfeld von Putensen, Kreise Harburg
• Wickham, Christopher (1998). "Aristocratic Power in Eighth-Century Lombard Italy". Katika Goffart, Walter A.; Murray, Alexander C. (whr.). After Rome's Fall: Narrators and Sources of Early Medieval History, Essays presented to Walter Goffart. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. ku. 153–170. ISBN 0-8020-0779-1..
• Wiese, Robert. Die älteste Geschichte der Langobarden
• Zeuss, Kaspar. Die Deutschen und die Nachbarstämme
• Carlo Troya, Giovanni Minervini (1852-1855) Codice diplomatico longobardo dal DLXVIII al DCCLXXIV: con note storiche, Napoli, Stamperia reale, 1855
• Hutterer, Claus Jürgen (1999). "Langobardisch". Die Germanischen Sprachen. Wiesbaden: Albus. ku. 336–341. ISBN 3-928127-57-8. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Taviani-Carozzi, Huguette (2005). "Lombards". Katika Vauchez, André (mhr.). Encyclopedia of the Middle Ages. James Clarke & Co. doi:10.1093/acref/9780227679319.001.0001. ISBN 9780195188172. Iliwekwa mnamo Januari 26, 2020. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |subscription= (help); Invalid |ref=harv (help)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
• Vai, Stefania (Januari 19, 2019). "A genetic perspective on Longobard-Era migrations". European Journal of Human Genetics. 27. Nature Research: 647–656. doi:10.1038/s41431-018-0319-8. PMC 6460631. PMID 30651584. Iliwekwa mnamo Machi 13, 2020. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |layurl=, |laydate=, |nopp=, na |laysource= (help); Invalid |ref=harv (help)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
• Whitby, L. Michael (2012). "Lombards". Katika Hornblower, Simon; Spawforth, Antony; Eidinow, Esther (whr.). The Oxford Classical Dictionary (tol. la 4). Oxford University Press. uk. 857. doi:10.1093/acref/9780199545568.001.0001. ISBN 9780191735257. Iliwekwa mnamo Januari 25, 2020. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |subscription= (help); Invalid |ref=harv (help)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)

Viungo vya nje

• media kuhusu Lombards pa Wikimedia Commons
• Beck, Frederick George Meeson (1911). "Lombards". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.).

Makala hii kuhusu mambo ya kihistoria bado ni mbegu. Je, unajua kitu kuhusu Walombardi kama enzi zake au matokeo yake? Labda unaona habari katika Wikipedia ya Kiingereza au lugha nyingine zinazofaa kutafsiriwa? Basi unaweza kuisaidia Wikipedia kwa kuihariri na kuongeza habari.