Nyota na hilali

Nyota na hilali ni ishara yenye historia ndefu inayochukuliwa leo mara nyingi kama ishara ya Uislamu ^[1]. Hii inatokana na matumizi yake katika bendera za Milki ya Osmani tangu karne ya 19^[2]. Lakini historia yake ni ndefu na Waosmani waliipokea tayari kutoka milki ya Kikristo ya Bizanti.

Umbo la kisasa la Nyota na Hilali kwenye bendera ya Uturuki

Sarafu ya Milki ya Sasani wakati wa karne ya 3 BK, iliyotolewa na Ardashir III.

Taswira ya Stephan Lochner inayoonyesha Ziara ya Majusi huko Bethlehemu; upande wa kushoto ishara ya nyota na hilali inaobekana katika bendera ya wawakilishi wa Bizanti.

Matumizi ya nyota na hilali katika Bizanti wakati wa karne ya kwanza KK.

Historia ya awali

Ishara hiyo ilianzishwa katika koloni la Kigiriki la Byzanti mnamo mwaka 300 KK. Ilitumika sana kama nembo ya kifalme ya mfalme wa Ponto Mithridate VI Eupator baada ya kuingiza Byzanti katika ufalme wake. ^[3]

Wakati wa karne ya 5, ilionyeshwa kwenye sarafu zilizotengenezwa na Milki ya Kiajemi ya Wasasani kwa zaidi ya miaka 400 kutoka karne ya 3 BK hadi kuanguka kwa Wasasani wakati wa uvamizi wa Waarabu Waislamu katika Uajemi (Iran).^[4] Watawala Waislamu waliendelea kuonyesha alama hiyo kwenye sarafu zao wakati wa miaka ya mwanzo ya ukhalifa, maana sarafu hizo zilikuwa ni nakala halisi ya sarafu za Wasasani.

Umbo

Ishara hiyo inaunganisha picha za mwezi hilali pamoja na nyota. Vipengele vyote viwili vina historia ndefu katika sanaa ya Mashariki ya Kati kama kuwakilisha ama Jua na Mwezi au Mwezi na Zuhura (nyota ya asubuhi) au sifa zao za kimungu.^[5] ^[6]^[7]

Nyota mara nyingi huonyeshwa ndani ya upinde wa hilali. <ref>

Marejeo

↑ Cyril Glassé, The New Encyclopedia of Islam (revised ed. 2001), s.v. "Moon" (p. 314).
↑ R. Ettinghausen, makala Hilal ii, In Islamic Art, The Encyclopedia of Islam new edition, Brill 1986; Vol 3, uk. 384
↑ Andrew G. Traver, From Polis to Empire, The Ancient World, c. 800 B.C.–A.D. 500, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2002, p. 257
↑ "The star and crescent are common Persian symbols, being a regular feature of the borders of Sassanian dirhems." Philip Grierson, Byzantine Coins, Taylor & Francis, 1982, p118
↑ Bradley Schaefer (Des 21, 1991). "Heavenly Signs". New Scientist: 48–51.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
↑ David Lance Goines (Okt 18, 1995). "Inferential evidence for the pre-telescopic sighting of the crescent Venus".{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
↑ This would explain cases where the inside curve of the crescent has a smaller radius of curvature than the outer, the opposite of what happens with the moon. Jay M. Pasachoff (Feb 1, 1992). "Crescent Sun". New Scientist.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)

[Glasse314-1] Cyril Glassé, The New Encyclopedia of Islam (revised ed. 2001), s.v. "Moon" (p. 314).

[2] R. Ettinghausen, makala Hilal ii, In Islamic Art, The Encyclopedia of Islam new edition, Brill 1986; Vol 3, uk. 384

[3] Andrew G. Traver, From Polis to Empire, The Ancient World, c. 800 B.C.–A.D. 500, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2002, p. 257

[4] "The star and crescent are common Persian symbols, being a regular feature of the borders of Sassanian dirhems." Philip Grierson, Byzantine Coins, Taylor & Francis, 1982, p118

[5] Bradley Schaefer (Des 21, 1991). "Heavenly Signs". New Scientist: 48–51.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)

[6] David Lance Goines (Okt 18, 1995). "Inferential evidence for the pre-telescopic sighting of the crescent Venus".{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)

[7] This would explain cases where the inside curve of the crescent has a smaller radius of curvature than the outer, the opposite of what happens with the moon. Jay M. Pasachoff (Feb 1, 1992). "Crescent Sun". New Scientist.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]