Thomas Cranmer

Thomas Cranmer (2 Julai 1489 – 21 Machi 1556) alikuwa Askofu Mkuu wa Canterbury na kiongozi wa Matengenezo ya Kanisa la Uingereza enzi za wafalme Henry VIII, Edward VI na malkia Mary I.

Thomas Cranmer

Alisaidia kujenga kesi ya kubatilishwa kwa ndoa ya Henry VIII na Katarina wa Aragon. Talaka hiyo ilikuwa mojawapo ya sababu za kutengana kwa Kanisa la Uingereza na Kanisa Katoliki chini ya Papa wa Roma. Pamoja na Thomas Cromwell aliunga mkono kanuni ya ukuu wa kifalme. Hapo alikubali mamlaka ya mfalme juu ya Kanisa ndani ya milki yake. Aliuawa chini ya malkia Mary alipokataa kurudi katika Ukatoliki.

Mtengenezaji wa Kanisa la Uingereza

Wakati wa uongozi wake kama Askofu Mkuu wa Canterbury Cranmer alianzisha mabadiliko katika mafundisho na liturgia ya Kanisa la Uingereza. Wakati wa utawala wa mfalme Henry VIII, Cranmer hakufanya mabadiliko mengi.

Alitunga utaratibu wa ibada ya kwanza uliotafsiriwa kwa lugha ya Kiingereza badala ya Kilatini.

Chini ya mfalme Edward VI, aliyemfuata Henry VIII, Cranmer aliweza kuleta mabadiliko mengi zaidi. Alitunga matoleo mawili ya kwanza ya Kitabu cha Sala kwa Watu (Book of Common Prayer) chenye liturgia kamili kwa ajili ya Kanisa la Uingereza. Alipokea wanamatengenezo kadhaa kutoka Ulaya Bara waliofika kama wakimbizi kutoka maeneo chini ya serikali za Kikatoliki. Walimsaidia kubadilisha mafundisho kuhusu mambo kama vile ekaristi, useja wa makasisi, nafasi ya sanamu makanisani na heshima kwa watakatifu. Cranmer alieneza mafundisho mapya, pamoja na Kitabu cha sala, kwa vitabu viwili vya mahubiri (hotuba) yaliyotakiwa kusomwa na mapadre katika ibada makanisani.

Kifo chini ya Malkia Mary

Baada ya Edward VI, malkia Mary I alichukua madaraka; alikuwa Mkatoliki akalenga kurudisha nchi chini ya Kanisa Katoliki. Aliagiza kumkamata Cranmer na kumshtaki kwa uhaini na uzushi. Alipelekwa mbele ya mahakama ya mahakimu Wakatoliki pamoja na wasaidizi wawili. Wote walihukumiwa adhabu ya kifo cha kuchomwa hai motoni ambayo ilikuwa adhabu ya wazushi.

Katika miaka miwili alipokaa gerezani, Cranmer alipaswa kushuhudia kuchomwa kwa wenzake. Baadaye alijaribu kuokoa uhai wake kwa kukana mafundisho yake ya awali. Kwa kawaida angesamehewa baada ya kukana, lakini malkia Mary I hakutaka kumsamehe bali auawe. Siku ya hukumu yake aliambiwa kusoma tena ukanisho wake kanisani mbele ya watu kabla ya kufa. Cranmer alitumia nafasi hiyo kuonyesha masikitiko juu ya udhaifu wake akamtaja Papa kama mwongo na adui wa Kristo. Hivyo alichomwa akafa kama mzushi kwa Wakatoliki na mfia imani kwa Kanisa Anglikana lililoendelea baadaye kwenye misingi aliyowahi kuweka.

Urithi wake unaendelea katika Kitabu cha Sala kwa Watu Wote na Hoja Thelathini na Tisa ambayo ni ungamo la imani ya Kianglikana linalotokana na kazi yake.

Vyanzo

• Avis, Paul (2005). "The Revision of the Ordinal in the Church of England 1550–2005". Ecclesiology 1 (2): 95–110.

     . .* Ayris, Paul (1993a). Thomas Cranmer: Churchman and Scholar. The Boydell Press. ISBN 0-85115-549-9. 

• Ayris, Paul (1993b). Thomas Cranmer: Churchman and Scholar. The Boydell Press. ISBN 0-85115-549-9. 
• Ayris, Paul (2001). "The Correspondence of Thomas Cranmer, Archbishop of Canterbury, and his English Audience 1533-54". Reformation & Renaissance Review 3 (1): 9–33.

     . .* Ayris, Paul (2002). "The Public Career of Thomas Cranmer". Reformation & Renaissance Review 4 (1):  75–125. . .*  (2004) The Cambridge Companion to Reformation Theology. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-77662-7. 

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     . https://archive.org/details/sim_classical-philology_1929-07_24_3/page/279.* Dowling, Maria (1993). Thomas Cranmer: Churchman and Scholar. The Boydell Press. ISBN 0-85115-549-9. 

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• Heinze, Rudolph W. (1993). Thomas Cranmer: Churchman and Scholar. The Boydell Press. ISBN 0-85115-549-9. 
• Hirst, Rev E, (Vicar of St. Paul’s Stockport) (1934). "Archbishop Cranmer". Churchman Journal 48 (2): 2. http://archive.churchsociety.org/churchman/documents/cman_048_2_hirst.pdf. Retrieved 7 November 2018.
• (1816) A Complete Collection of State Trials and Proceedings for High Treason and Other Crimes and Misdemeanors from the Earliest Period to the Year 1783. T. C. Hansard. OCLC 3815652. 
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• Mills, Jon (2010). "Genocide and Ethnocide: The Suppression of the Cornish Language", Interfaces in Language. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4438-2433-0. 
• Null, Ashley (2006). Thomas Cranmer's Doctrine of Repentance: Renewing the Power to Love. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-827021-6. 
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• Selwyn, D. G. (1993). Thomas Cranmer: Churchman and Scholar. The Boydell Press. ISBN 0-85115-549-9. 
• Spinks, Bryan D. (1993). "Treasures Old and New: A Look at Some of Thomas Cranmer's Methods of Liturgical Compilation", Thomas Cranmer: Churchman and Scholar. The Boydell Press. ISBN 0-85115-549-9. 
• Stevenson, Kenneth W. (1993). Thomas Cranmer: Churchman and Scholar. The Boydell Press. ISBN 0-85115-549-9. 
• Strype, John (1840). "Chapter 28", Historical and Biographical Works: Memorials of Thomas Cranmer.