Ukeketaji (pia: tohara ya mwanamke; kwa Kiingereza: female circumcision, female genital mutilation; kifupi: FGM) ni tendo la kukata sehemu za nje za viungo vya uzazi vya mwanamke.

map
Kiwango cha ukeketaji duniani: Afrika inaongoza pamoja na Yemen na Kurdistan ya Iraq.

Neno linalotokana na mzizi keket, ambao unabeba maana ya kuharibu.

Mara nyingi tendo la ukeketaji linaitwa pia "tohara" kwa kulifananisha na upasuaji mdogo wa wanaume, lakini mambo ni tofauti kabisa.

Hapa sehemu za nje za viungo vya uzazi zinakatwa kusudi wasifurahie sana tendo la ndoa, hivyo wawe waaminifu zaidi kwa waume wao.

Ukeketaji umeenea hasa kati ya mataifa na makabila wenye asili ya bonde la Naili na majirani wao.

Kinyume na tohara ya wavulana matabibu wanaona hasara nyingi katika desturi hiyo. Ukeketaji unasababisha wasichana wengi kufa na wengine wengi kupatwa na maumivu makali wakati wa hedhi, wa tendo la ndoa na wa kujifungua.

Kwa sababu hizo serikali nyingi za dunia zimeupiga marufuku.

Pia madhehebu kadhaa yanatoa mafundisho kuwa ni kinyume cha masharti ya dini yao.

Juhudi zimefanikiwa kwa kiasi fulani katika baadhi ya nchi.

Kiwango kikubwa sana Kiwango kikubwa Kiwango cha wastani Kiwango cha chini Kiwango cha chini sana
Somalia
98%
Gambia
76%
Guinea-Bissau
50%
Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati
24%
Iraq
8%
Guinea
96%
Burkina Faso
76%
Chad
44%
Yemen
23%
Ghana
4%
Jibuti
93%
Ethiopia
74%
Côte d'Ivoire
38%
Tanzania
15%
Togo
4%
Egypt
91%
Mauritania
69%
Kenya
27%
Benin
13%
Niger
2%
Eritrea
89%
Liberia
66%
Nigeria
27%
Cameroon
1%
Mali
89%
Senegal
26%
Uganda
1%
Sierra Leone
88%
Sudan
88%

Marejeo

hariri
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El Bashir, Hamid. The Sudanese National Committee on the Eradication of Harmful Traditional Practices and the Campaign against Female Genital Mutilation in Rogaia Mustafa Abusharaf (ed.), Female Circumcision: Multicultural Perspectives, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2007.
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El Dareer, Asma. Woman, Why Do You Weep?: Circumcision and its Consequences, Zed Books, 1982.
El Dareer, Asma. "Attitudes of Sudanese People to the Practice of Female Circumcision", International Journal of Epidemiology, 1983, 12(2), pp. 138–144.
  • El Guindi, Fadwa. "Had This Been Your Face, Would You Leave It as Is?" in Rogaia Mustafa Abusharaf (ed.), Female Circumcision: Multicultural Perspectives, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2007.
El Hadi, Amal Abd. "Female Genital Mutilation in Egypt" in Meredeth Turshen (ed.), African Women's Health, Africa World Press, 2000.
Elmusharaf, Susan; Elhadi, Nagla; and Almroth, Lars. "Reliability of self reported form of female genital mutilation and WHO classification: cross sectional study", British Medical Journal, 332(7559), 27 June 2006.
Essén, Birgitta and Johnsdotter, Sara. "Female Genital Mutilation in the West: Traditional Circumcision versus Genital Cosmetic Surgery", Acta Obstetricia Gynecologica Scandinavica, 83(7), July 2004, pp. 611–613.
Farage, Samar A. "Female Genital Alteration: A Sociological Perspective," in Miranda A. Farage and Howard I. Maibach (eds.), The Vulva: Anatomy, Physiology, and Pathology, CRC Press, 2006.
Fee, Elizabeth. "Review of The Hosken Report: Genital and Sexual Mutilation of Females by Fran P. Hosken", Signs, 5(4), Summer 1980, pp. 807–809.
Gallard, Colette. "Female genital mutilation in France", British Medical Journal, 310, 17 June 1995.
Gallo, Pia Grassivaro; Tita Eleanora; and Viviani, Franco. "At the Roots of Ethnic Female Genital Modification," in George C. Denniston and Pia Grassivaro Gallo (eds.). Bodily Integrity and the Politics of Circumcision, Springer, 2006.
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Hicks, Esther K. Infibulation: Female Mutilation in Islamic Northeastern Africa, Transaction Publishers, 1996.
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Ismail, Edna Adan. "Female genital mutilation survey in Somaliland" Archived 9 Septemba 2017 at the Wayback Machine., Edna Adan Maternity and Teaching Hospital, 2009.
Izett, Susan and Toubia, Nahid. "Female Genital Mutilation: An Overview", World Health Organization, 1998.
James, Stanlie M. "Female Genital Mutilation," in Bonnie G. Smith (ed.). The Oxford Encyclopaedia of Women in World History, Oxford University Press, 2008.
James, Stanlie M. "Listening to Other(ed) Voices: Reflections around Female Genital Cutting," in Stanlie M. James and Claire C. Robertson (eds.), Genital Cutting and Transnational Sisterhood, University of Illinois Press, 2002.
J.F.C. "Isaac Baker Brown, F.R.C.S.", Medical Times and Gazette, 8 February 1873.
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Kelly, Elizabeth, and Hillard, Paula J. Adams. "Female genital mutilation", Current Opinion in Obstetrics & Gynecology, 17(5), October 2005, pp. 490–494 (review).
Kirby, Vicki. "Out of Africa: 'Our Bodies Ourselves'?" in Obioma Nnaemeka (ed.), Female Circumcision and the Politics of Knowledge: African Women in Imperialist Discourses, Praeger, 2005.
Knight, Mary. "Curing Cut or Ritual Mutilation?: Some Remarks on the Practice of Female and Male Circumcision in Graeco-Roman Egypt", Isis, 92(2), June 2001, pp. 317–338.
Korieh, Chima. Kigezo:" 'Other' Bodies: Western Feminism, Race and Representation in Female Circumcision Discourse," in Obioma Nnaemeka (ed.), Female Circumcision and the Politics of Knowledge: African Women in Imperialist Discourses, Praeger, 2005.
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Liao, Lih Mei and Creighton, Sarah M. "Requests for cosmetic genitoplasty: how should healthcare providers respond?", British Medical Journal, 334(7603), 26 May 2007, pp. 1090–1092.
Lightfoot-Klein, Hanny. "The Sexual Experience and Marital Adjustment of Genitally Circumcised and Infibulated Females in The Sudan", The Journal of Sex Research, 26(3), 1989, pp. 375–392.
Lightfoot-Klein, Hanny. Prisoners of Ritual: An Odyssey Into Female Genital Circumcision in Africa, Routledge, 1989.
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Zabus, Chantal. "Between Rites and Rights: Excision on Trial in African Women's Texts and Human Contexts," in Peter H. Marsden and Geoffrey V. Davis (eds.), Towards a Transcultural Future: Literature and Human Rights in a ' Post'-Colonial World, Rodopi, 2004.
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Marejeo mengine

hariri
 
Wikimedia Commons ina media kuhusu:
"Factsheet on FGM", World Health Organization, February 2013.
British National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children 24-hour national helpline for children at risk of FGM: 0800 028 3550
FORWARD, London, charity specializing in FGM research (FORWARD's list of hospitals and clinics in the UK offering specialist FGM services Archived 28 Machi 2014 at the Wayback Machine.).
Desert Flower Foundation ("First Desert Flower Center opens in Berlin" Archived 29 Januari 2014 at the Wayback Machine., 16 September 2013, first dedicated FGM clinic in Europe).
"Circumcision, female" Archived 2 Julai 2015 at the Wayback Machine., The Kinsey Institute (bibliography 1960s–1980s).
Westley, David M. "Female circumcision and infibulation in Africa" Archived 5 Juni 2021 at the Wayback Machine., Electronic Journal of Africana Bibliography, 4, 1999 (bibliography up to 1997).
The Guardian. FGM archive.
The Guardian. "The facts about female genital mutilation – interactive", interactive display showing facts and figures from UNICEF, 22 July 2013.

Vitabu, makala

hariri
Bryk, Felix. Circumcision in Man and Woman: Its History, Psychology, and Ethnology, The Minerva Group, Inc., 2001, first published 1934.
CNN. Report on FGM in Egypt, February 2009.
Cullen-Dupont, Kathryn. "Female genital mutilation," Encyclopedia of Women's History in America, Da Capo Press, 1998, p. 85.
Dorkenoo, Efua. "Combating Female Genital Mutilation: An Agenda for the Next Decade," in Mona Eliasson (ed.). Teaching about Violence Against Women, Feminist Press at CUNY, 1999.
Dorkenoo, Efua. "Cutting the Rose: Female Genital Mutilation, the Practice and its Prevention, Minority Rights Group, 1994.
Kouba, Leonard J. and Muasher, Judith. "Female Circumcision in Africa: An Overview", African Studies Review, 28(1), March 1985, pp. 95–110.
Sanderson, Lillian Passmore. Against the Mutilation of Women: The Struggle to End Unnecessary Suffering, Ithaca Press, 1981.
Sembène, Ousmane. Moolaadé, 2004, a film about abandoning FGM.
Sinclair, Stephanie. "Inside a Female-Circumcision Ceremony", The New York Times magazine, April 2006, slideshow of images from Indonesia (article).
UNICEF. "Towards the abandonment of female genital mutilation in five African countries", October 2010.
Yoder, P. Stanley; Noureddine, Abderrahim; Arlinda, Zhuzhuni. "Female Genital Cutting in the Demographic and Health Surveys: A Critical and Comparative Analysis" Archived 26 Aprili 2014 at the Wayback Machine., DHS Comparative Reports No. 7, 2004.

Habari za maisha ya watu

hariri
Ali, Ayaan Hirsi. Infidel: My Life, Simon & Schuster, 2007: Ali experiences FGM at the hands of her grandmother.
Dirie, Waris. Desert Flower, Harper Perennial, 1999: autobiographical novel.
Dirie, Waris. Desert Dawn, Little, Brown, 2003: Dirie's work as UN Special Ambassador against FGM.
Dirie, Waris. Desert Children, Virago, 2007: FGM in Europe
Kasinga, Fauziya, and Bashir, Layli Miller. Do They Hear You When You Cry, Delacorte Press, 1998.
El Saadawi, Nawal. Woman at Point Zero, Zed Books, 1975.


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