Makabila ya Israeli

Makabila 12 ya Israeli (kwa Kiebrania בני ישראל, Bnai Yisraʾel, yaani Wana wa Israeli) waliunda taifa la lugha ya Kisemiti katika Mashariki ya Kati, wakiishi katika sehemu kubwa ya nchi ya Kanaani kati ya karne ya 15 KK na karne ya 6 KK), halafu wakawa wanaitwa Wayahudi na Wasamaria.

Makabila 12 ya Israeli katika nakshi ya mawe juu ya ukuta wa sinagogi ya Yerusalemu.

Biblia inaeleza kuwa makabila hayo yalitokana na wana wa kiume 12 wa babu Yakobo, bin Isaka na mjukuu wa Abrahamu. Ni Yakobo aliyepewa kwanza jina la Israeli.

Majina ya watoto hao na ya makabila yaliyotokana nao ni: Reubeni (babu), Simeoni (babu), Lawi (babu), Yuda (babu), Dan (babu), Naftali (babu), Gad (babu), Asheri (babu), Isakari (babu), Zebuluni (babu), Yosefu (babu) (wazao waligawanyika katika makabila mawili, kutokana na watoto wake Manase (babu) na Efraim (babu)), Benyamini (babu).

Habari katika Kitabu cha Mwanzo

Kadiri ya Mwa 25:19-34, Rebeka alimzalia Isaka watoto pacha wenye sura na silika tofauti, Esau na Yakobo. Wa kwanza analaumiwa hasa kwa kupuuzia baraka ya Mungu iliyokuwa haki ya kifunguamimba: kwa sahani ya dengu alikubali kukosa neema zile zote alizojitwalia Yakobo kwa imani yake (Eb 12:16-17).

Mwa 27 inasimulia jinsi Yakobo, akifundishwa na mama yake, alivyoweza kubarikiwa na baba. Ingawa uongo wake haukubaliki (Hos 12:3-5), Mungu alithibitisha baraka ya Isaka kadiri ya desturi yake ya kumpendelea mdogo: hivyo Yakobo, aliyekimbia nchi yake ana fimbo tu, alirudi miaka ishirini baadaye ana wake 4, watoto 11 na mifugo wengi ajabu (Mwa 32). Kabla hajaingia nchi yake Mungu alishindana naye usiku kucha akalazimika kumbariki na kumtajia jina jipya, Israeli.

Kama kawaida ya mitara, kulikuwa na upendeleo na wivu. Hasa Yosefu alichukiwa na kaka zake wote, ingawa alikuwa mnyofu hata kuwasimulia ndoto zake za ajabu (Mwa 37:2-11). Kijicho na chuki vilifikia hatua ya kuwafanya watamani kumuua. Walipopata nafasi walifanya njama, ingawa si wote. Mwisho uamuzi ukawa kumuacha hai lakini kumuuza kama mtumwa kwa wafanyabiashara walioelekea Misri (Mwa 37:12-36). Lakini katika maovu ya binadamu Mungu akazidi kushughulikia taifa lake teule. Hivyo Yosefu akawa mfano wa Yesu ambaye alichukiwa bure tu akauawa msalabani kwa wokovu wa wadogo zake wakosefu.

Mwa 39 inaonyesha jinsi Yosefu alivyozidi kumtiii Mungu na kukwepa dhambi. Hivyo baada ya majaribu mbalimbali akatukuzwa kuwa liwali wa Farao kwa nchi yote, hasa kwa usimamizi wa akiba ya chakula (Mwa 41:1-49) kwa ajili ya miaka saba ya njaa aliyotabiri. Kadiri ya mpango wa Mungu njaa hiyo ikawalazimisha kaka zake waje kumuinamia, naye hakulipa kisasi; halafu, kama vile alivyotafsiri ndoto mbalimbali, aliwafafanulia maana ya matukio ya maisha yao katika mpango wa Mungu: kwamba ndiye aliyemtuma Misri kusudi awaokoe (Mwa 45:1-15).

Mwa 46:1-7 inasimulia Yakobo na wazawa wake wote, jumla wanaume 70, walivyohamia Misri (miaka ya 1700 KK). Lakini hawakusahau nchi waliyoahidiwa na Mungu: ndiyo sababu Yakobo na Yosefu walidai waapiwe kuwa watakuja kuzikwa kwao (Mwa 49:29-50:26). Kabla ya kufa Yakobo aliwabariki watoto wake 12 na kwa namna ya pekee Yuda ambaye atatawala moja kwa moja (Mwa 49:8-12).

Wataalamu wanafikiri baraka hiyo inaeleza hali ya makabila hayo wakati ilipoandikwa.

Tanbihi

Jiwe la Merneptah (JE 31408) lenye jina la Israeli, la zamani kuliko maandishi yote yenye jina hilo. Liko katika Cairo Museum, Misri.

Marejeo

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