Makabila ya Israeli

Makabila 12 ya Israeli (kwa Kiebrania בני ישראל, Bnai Yisraʾel, yaani Wana wa Israeli) waliunda taifa la lugha ya Kisemiti katika Mashariki ya Kati, wakiishi katika sehemu kubwa ya nchi ya Kanaani kati ya karne ya 15 KK na karne ya 6 KK), halafu wakawa wanaitwa Wayahudi na Wasamaria.

Makabila 12 ya Israeli katika nakshi ya mawe juu ya ukuta wa sinagogi ya Yerusalemu.

Biblia inaeleza kuwa makabila hayo yalitokana na wana wa kiume 12 wa babu Yakobo, bin Isaka na mjukuu wa Abrahamu. Ni Yakobo aliyepewa kwanza jina la Israeli.

Majina ya watoto hao na ya makabila yaliyotokana nao ni: Reubeni (babu), Simeoni (babu), Lawi (babu), Yuda (babu), Dan (babu), Naftali (babu), Gad (babu), Asheri (babu), Isakari (babu), Zebuluni (babu), Yosefu (babu) (wazao waligawanyika katika makabila mawili, kutokana na watoto wake Manase (babu) na Efraim (babu)), Benyamini (babu).

Habari katika Kitabu cha Mwanzo

Kadiri ya Mwa 25:19-34, Rebeka alimzalia Isaka watoto pacha wenye sura na silika tofauti, Esau na Yakobo. Wa kwanza analaumiwa hasa kwa kupuuzia baraka ya Mungu iliyokuwa haki ya kifunguamimba: kwa sahani ya dengu alikubali kukosa neema zile zote alizojitwalia Yakobo kwa imani yake (Eb 12:16-17).

Mwa 27 inasimulia jinsi Yakobo, akifundishwa na mama yake, alivyoweza kubarikiwa na baba. Ingawa uongo wake haukubaliki (Hos 12:3-5), Mungu alithibitisha baraka ya Isaka kadiri ya desturi yake ya kumpendelea mdogo: hivyo Yakobo, aliyekimbia nchi yake ana fimbo tu, alirudi miaka ishirini baadaye ana wake 4, watoto 11 na mifugo wengi ajabu (Mwa 32). Kabla hajaingia nchi yake Mungu alishindana naye usiku kucha akalazimika kumbariki na kumtajia jina jipya, Israeli.

Kama kawaida ya mitara, kulikuwa na upendeleo na wivu. Hasa Yosefu alichukiwa na kaka zake wote, ingawa alikuwa mnyofu hata kuwasimulia ndoto zake za ajabu (Mwa 37:2-11). Kijicho na chuki vilifikia hatua ya kuwafanya watamani kumuua. Walipopata nafasi walifanya njama, ingawa si wote. Mwisho uamuzi ukawa kumuacha hai lakini kumuuza kama mtumwa kwa wafanyabiashara walioelekea Misri (Mwa 37:12-36). Lakini katika maovu ya binadamu Mungu akazidi kushughulikia taifa lake teule. Hivyo Yosefu akawa mfano wa Yesu ambaye alichukiwa bure tu akauawa msalabani kwa wokovu wa wadogo zake wakosefu.

Mwa 39 inaonyesha jinsi Yosefu alivyozidi kumtiii Mungu na kukwepa dhambi. Hivyo baada ya majaribu mbalimbali akatukuzwa kuwa liwali wa Farao kwa nchi yote, hasa kwa usimamizi wa akiba ya chakula (Mwa 41:1-49) kwa ajili ya miaka saba ya njaa aliyotabiri. Kadiri ya mpango wa Mungu njaa hiyo ikawalazimisha kaka zake waje kumuinamia, naye hakulipa kisasi; halafu, kama vile alivyotafsiri ndoto mbalimbali, aliwafafanulia maana ya matukio ya maisha yao katika mpango wa Mungu: kwamba ndiye aliyemtuma Misri kusudi awaokoe (Mwa 45:1-15).

Mwa 46:1-7 inasimulia Yakobo na wazawa wake wote, jumla wanaume 70, walivyohamia Misri (miaka ya 1700 KK). Lakini hawakusahau nchi waliyoahidiwa na Mungu: ndiyo sababu Yakobo na Yosefu walidai waapiwe kuwa watakuja kuzikwa kwao (Mwa 49:29-50:26). Kabla ya kufa Yakobo aliwabariki watoto wake 12 na kwa namna ya pekee Yuda ambaye atatawala moja kwa moja (Mwa 49:8-12).

Wataalamu wanafikiri baraka hiyo inaeleza hali ya makabila hayo wakati ilipoandikwa.

Tanbihi

Jiwe la Merneptah (JE 31408) lenye jina la Israeli, la zamani kuliko maandishi yote yenye jina hilo. Liko katika Cairo Museum, Misri.

Marejeo

• Albertz, Rainer (1994) [Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht 1992]. A History of Israelite Religion, Volume I: From the Beginnings to the End of the Monarchy. Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 978-0-664-22719-7.
• Albertz, Rainer (1994) [Vanderhoek & Ruprecht 1992]. A History of Israelite Religion, Volume II: From the Exile to the Maccabees. Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 978-0-664-22720-3.
• Albertz, Rainer (2003a). Israel in Exile: The History and Literature of the Sixth Century B.C.E. Society of Biblical Literature. ISBN 978-1-58983-055-4.
• Albertz, Rainer; Becking, Bob, eds. (2003b). Yahwism After the Exile: Perspectives on Israelite Religion in the Persian Era. Koninklijke Van Gorcum. ISBN 978-90-232-3880-5. {{cite book}}: |first2= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) Becking, Bob. "Law as Expression of Religion (Ezra 7–10)". {{cite book}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
• Amit, Yaira, et al., eds. (2006). Essays on Ancient Israel in its Near Eastern Context: A Tribute to Nadav Na'aman. Eisenbrauns. ISBN 978-1-57506-128-3. {{cite book}}: |first= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) Davies, Philip R. "The Origin of Biblical Israel". {{cite book}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
• Avery-Peck, Alan, et al., eds. (2003). The Blackwell Companion to Judaism. Blackwell. ISBN 978-1-57718-059-3. {{cite book}}: |first= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) Murphy, Frederick J. R. "Second Temple Judaism". {{cite book}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
• Barstad, Hans M. (2008). History and the Hebrew Bible. Mohr Siebeck. ISBN 978-3-16-149809-1.
• Becking, Bob, ed. (2001). Only One God? Monotheism in Ancient Israel and the Veneration of the Goddess Asherah. Sheffield Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-84127-199-6. {{cite book}}: |first= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) Dijkstra, Meindert. "El the God of Israel, Israel the People of YHWH: On the Origins of Ancient Israelite Yahwism". {{cite book}}: Missing or empty |title= (help) Dijkstra, Meindert. "I Have Blessed You by Yahweh of Samaria and His Asherah: Texts with Religious Elements from the Soil Archive of Ancient Israel". {{cite book}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
• Becking, Bob; Korpel, Marjo Christina Annette, eds. (1999). The Crisis of Israelite Religion: Transformation of Religious Tradition in Exilic and Post-Exilic Times. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-11496-8. {{cite book}}: |first2= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) Niehr, Herbert. Religio-Historical Aspects of the Early Post-Exilic Period.
• Bedford, Peter Ross (2001). Temple Restoration in Early Achaemenid Judah. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-11509-5.
• Ben-Sasson, H.H. (1976). A History of the Jewish People. Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-39731-2.
• Blenkinsopp, Joseph (1988). Ezra-Nehemiah: A Commentary. Eerdmans. ISBN 978-0-664-22186-7.
• Blenkinsopp, Joseph; Lipschits, Oded, eds. (2003). Judah and the Judeans in the Neo-Babylonian Period. Eisenbrauns. ISBN 978-1-57506-073-6. {{cite book}}: |first2= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) Blenkinsopp, Joseph. "Bethel in the Neo-Babylonian Period". {{cite book}}: Missing or empty |title= (help) Lemaire, Andre. "Nabonidus in Arabia and Judea During the Neo-Babylonian Period". {{cite book}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
• Blenkinsopp, Joseph (2009). Judaism, the First Phase: The Place of Ezra and Nehemiah in the Origins of Judaism. Eerdmans. ISBN 978-0-8028-6450-5.
• Brett, Mark G. (2002). Ethnicity and the Bible. Brill. ISBN 978-0-391-04126-4. Edelman, Diana. "Ethnicity and Early Israel". {{cite book}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
• Bright, John (2000). A History of Israel. Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 978-0-664-22068-6.
• Coogan, Michael D., ed. (1998). The Oxford History of the Biblical World. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-513937-2. {{cite book}}: |first= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) Stager, Lawrence E. "Forging an Identity: The Emergence of Ancient Israel". {{cite book}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
• Coote, Robert B.; Whitelam, Keith W. (1986). "The Emergence of Israel: Social Transformation and State Formation Following the Decline in Late Bronze Age Trade". Semeia (37): 107–47.
• Davies, Philip R. (1992). In Search of Ancient Israel. Sheffield. ISBN 978-1-85075-737-5.
• Davies, Philip R. (2009). "The Origin of Biblical Israel". Journal of Hebrew Scriptures. 9 (47). Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 2008-05-28. Iliwekwa mnamo 2013-10-20. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
• Day, John (2002). Yahweh and the Gods and Goddesses of Canaan. Sheffield Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-8264-6830-7.
• Dever, William (2001). What Did the Biblical Writers Know, and When Did They Know It?. Eerdmans. ISBN 978-0-8028-2126-3.
• Dever, William (2003). Who Were the Early Israelites and Where Did They Come From?. Eerdmans. ISBN 978-0-8028-0975-9.
• Dever, William (2005). Did God Have a Wife?: Archaeology and Folk Religion in Ancient Israel. Eerdmans. ISBN 978-0-8028-2852-1.
• Dunn, James D.G; Rogerson, John William, eds. (2003). Eerdmans commentary on the Bible. Eerdmans. ISBN 978-0-8028-3711-0. {{cite book}}: |first2= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) Rogerson, John William. "Deuteronomy". {{cite book}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
• Edelman, Diana, ed. (1995). The Triumph of Elohim: From Yahwisms to Judaisms. Kok Pharos. ISBN 978-90-390-0124-0. {{cite book}}: |first= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
• Finkelstein, Neil Asher; Silberman (2001). The Bible Unearthed. ISBN 978-0-7432-2338-6.
• Finkelstein, Israel; Mazar, Amihay; Schmidt, Brian B. (2007). The Quest for the Historical Israel. Society of Biblical Literature. ISBN 978-1-58983-277-0. Mazar, Amihay. "The Divided Monarchy: Comments on Some Archaeological Issues". {{cite book}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
• Gnuse, Robert Karl (1997). No Other Gods: Emergent Monotheism in Israel. Sheffield Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-85075-657-6.
• Golden, Jonathan Michael (2004a). Ancient Canaan and Israel: An Introduction. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-537985-3.
• Golden, Jonathan Michael (2004b). Ancient Canaan and Israel: New Perspectives. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-57607-897-6.
• Goodison, Lucy; Morris, Christine (1998). Goddesses in Early Israelite Religion in Ancient Goddesses: The Myths and the Evidence. University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 978-90-04-10410-5.
• Grabbe, Lester L. (2004). A History of the Jews and Judaism in the Second Temple Period. T&T Clark International. ISBN 978-0-567-04352-8.
• Grabbe, Lester L., ed. (2008). Israel in Transition: From Late Bronze II to Iron IIa (c. 1250–850 B.C.E.). T&T Clark International. ISBN 978-0-567-02726-9. {{cite book}}: |first= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
• Greifenhagen, F.V (2002). Egypt on the Pentateuch's ideological map. Sheffield Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-8264-6211-4.
• Joffe, Alexander H. (2006). The Rise of Secondary States in the Iron Age Levant. University of Arizona Press.
• Killebrew, Ann E. (2005). Biblical Peoples and Ethnicity: An Archaeological Study of Egyptians, Canaanites, and Early Israel, 1300–1100 B.C.E. Society of Biblical Literature. ISBN 978-1-58983-097-4.
• King, Philip J.; Stager, Lawrence E. (2001). Life in Biblical Israel. Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 0-664-22148-3.
• Kuhrt, Amélie (1995). The Ancient Near East c. 3000–330 BC. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-16763-5.
• Lemche, Niels Peter (1998). The Israelites in History and Tradition. Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 978-0-664-22727-2.
• Levy, Thomas E. (1998). The Archaeology of Society in the Holy Land. Continuum International Publishing. ISBN 978-0-8264-6996-0. LaBianca, Øystein S.; Younker, Randall W. "The Kingdoms of Ammon, Moab and Edom: The Archaeology of Society in Late Bronze/Iron Age Transjordan (c. 1400–500 CE)". {{cite book}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
• Lipschits, Oded (2005). The Fall and Rise of Jerusalem. Eisenbrauns. ISBN 978-1-57506-095-8.
• Lipschits, Oded, et al., eds. (2006). Judah and the Judeans in the Fourth Century B.C.E. Eisenbrauns. ISBN 978-1-57506-130-6. {{cite book}}: |first= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) Kottsieper, Ingo. "And They Did Not Care to Speak Yehudit". {{cite book}}: Missing or empty |title= (help) Lipschits, Oded; Vanderhooft, David. "Yehud Stamp Impressions in the Fourth Century B.C.E.". {{cite book}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
• Markoe, Glenn (2000). Phoenicians. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-22614-2.
• Mays, James Luther, et al., eds. (1995). Old Testament Interpretation. T&T Clarke. ISBN 978-0-567-29289-6. {{cite book}}: |first= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) Miller, J. Maxwell. "The Middle East and Archaeology". {{cite book}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
• McNutt, Paula (1999). Reconstructing the Society of Ancient Israel. Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 978-0-664-22265-9.
• Merrill, Eugene H. (1995). "The Late Bronze/Early Iron Age Transition and the Emergence of Israel". Bibliotheca Sacra. 152 (606): 145–62.
• Middlemas, Jill Anne (2005). The Troubles of Templeless Judah. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-928386-6.
• Miller, James Maxwell; Hayes, John Haralson (1986). A History of Ancient Israel and Judah. Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 0-664-21262-X.
• Miller, Robert D. (2005). Chieftains of the Highland Clans: A History of Israel in the 12th and 11th Centuries B.C. Eerdmans. ISBN 978-0-8028-0988-9.
• Nodet, Étienne (1999) [Editions du Cerf 1997]. A Search for the Origins of Judaism: From Joshua to the Mishnah. Sheffield Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-85075-445-9.
• Pitkänen, Pekka (2004). "Ethnicity, Assimilation and the Israelite Settlement" (PDF). Tyndale Bulletin. 55 (2): 161–82. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo (PDF) mnamo 2011-07-17. Iliwekwa mnamo 2013-10-20. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
• Silberman, Neil Asher; Small, David B., eds. (1997). The Archaeology of Israel: Constructing the Past, Interpreting the Present. Sheffield Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-85075-650-7. {{cite book}}: |first2= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) Hesse, Brian; Wapnish, Paula. "Can Pig Remains Be Used for Ethnic Diagnosis in the Ancient Near East?". {{cite book}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
• Smith, Mark S. (2001). Untold Stories: The Bible and Ugaritic Studies in the Twentieth Century. Hendrickson Publishers.
• Smith, Mark S.; Miller, Patrick D. (2002) [Harper & Row 1990]. The Early History of God. Eerdmans. ISBN 978-0-8028-3972-5.
• Soggin, Michael J. (1998). An Introduction to the History of Israel and Judah. Paideia. ISBN 978-0-334-02788-1.
• Thompson, Thomas L. (1992). Early History of the Israelite People. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-09483-3.
• Van der Toorn, Karel (1996). Family Religion in Babylonia, Syria, and Israel. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-10410-5.
• Van der Toorn, Karel; Becking, Bob; Van der Horst, Pieter Willem (1999). Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible (tol. la 2d). Koninklijke Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-11119-6.
• Vaughn, Andrew G.; Killebrew, Ann E., eds. (1992). Jerusalem in Bible and Archaeology: The First Temple Period. Sheffield. ISBN 978-1-58983-066-0. {{cite book}}: |first2= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) Cahill, Jane M. "Jerusalem at the Time of the United Monarchy". {{cite book}}: Missing or empty |title= (help) Lehman, Gunnar. "The United Monarchy in the Countryside". {{cite book}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
• Wylen, Stephen M. (1996). The Jews in the Time of Jesus: An Introduction. Paulist Press. ISBN 978-0-8091-3610-0.
• Zevit, Ziony (2001). The Religions of Ancient Israel: A Synthesis of Parallactic Approaches. Continuum. ISBN 978-0-8264-6339-5.