Odoriko wa Pordenone
Odoriko wa Pordenone, O.F.M. (1286–1331), alikuwa Mfransisko wa Italia aliyetumwa kama mmisionari huko China, akaandika ripoti ya safari yake.
Kutokana na miujiza mingi iliyosemekana kutokea kwenye kaburi lake, Papa Benedikto XIV alithibitisha mwaka 1755 heshima ya mwenye heri ambayo Odoriko alikuwa amepewa tangu zamani.
Maisha
hariri
Odoriko alizaliwa na familia ya Mattiussi karibu na Pordenone, Friuli.[1]
Baada ya kujiunga mapema na Ndugu Wadogo huko Udine, mwaka 1296 alitumwa kwenye rasi ya Balkani,halafu kwa Wamongolia wa Russia kusini.[2]
Mnamo Aprili 1318 alitumwa mbali zaidi, huko Asia mashariki. Kutoka Padua, alikwenda Konstantinopoli akavuka Bahari Nyeusi hadi Trabzon.[1]
Toka huko alikwenda kuhubiri Armenia, Media na Persia. Katika nchi hizo zote Wafransisko walikuwa na misheni.[2] Kutoka Sultanieh akipitia Kashan na Yazd, alizunguka upande wa Persepolis, Shiraz na Baghdad hadi Ghuba la Uajemi. Huko Ormus alipanda meli kwenda India,[2] akitua Thane, karibu na Mumbai.
Alitembelea Puri na kuacha kumbukumbu ya sikukuu ya mungu wa Kihindu Jagannath.
Kwa jahazi alifikia kisiwani Sumatra, halafu Java, Borneo, Champa,[3] Indochina na Guangzhou (Canton), halafu tena kwa nchi kavu hadi Fujian.
Katika safari hizo, dhoruba ilipeleka jahazi yake hadi Pangasinan, Ufilipino.
Kutoka bandari ya Fuzhou Odoriko alivuka milima na kuingia Zhejiang na kutembelea Hangzhou ("Cansay" 行在, Xíngzài), mmojawapo kati ya miji mikubwa duniani wakati huo. Marco Polo, Marignolli na Ibn Batuta walisimulia ustawi wake.
Kupitia Nanjing na mto Yangzi, Odoriko alifikia makao makuu ya Khan Mkuu (labda Yesün Temür Khan) huko "Cambalec" (Ханбалиг, Khanbaligh), leo sehemu ya Beijing.
Alibaki huko miaka 3 (1324-1327), akiishi katika mojawapo kati ya makanisa yaliyoanzishwa na ndugu Yohane wa Monte Corvino, askofu mkuu wa kwanza wa Beijing, ambaye wakati huo alikuwa mkongwe.
Kutoka huko alitembelea Yangzhou.
Odoriko hakurudi Italia mpaka mwisho wa mwaka 1329 au mwanzo wa 1330, lakini safari ya kurudi haisumiliwi kinaganaga vile. Inadhaniwa kwamba alipiti Mongolia na Tibet.
Huko Padua, mnamo Mei 1330 alisimulia safari zake kwa mwandishi Wiliamu wa Solagna. Kitabu cha Kilatini na tafsiri zake mbalimbali vilienea haraka Ulaya. Hadi leo kuna nakala 73 zilizoandikwa kwa mikono.[4]
Akiwa njiani kwenda kwa Papa huko Avignon, aliugua huko Pisa, hivyo akarudi Udine, alipofariki.
Tafsiri
hariri
- Odoric of Pordenone, translation by Sir Henry Yule, introduction by Paolo Chiesa, The Travels of Friar Odoric: 14th Century Journal of the Blessed Odoric of Pordenone, Eerdmans (December 15, 2001), hardcover, 174 pages, ISBN 0802849636 ISBN 978-0802849632
Tanbihi
hariri- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Tilatti, Andrea. "ODORICO da Pordenone." Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani. Vol. 79.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 "Habig ofm ed., Marion, "Blessed Odoric Matiussi of Pordenone", The Franciscan Book of Saints, Franciscan Herald Press, 1959". Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 2013-05-28. Iliwekwa mnamo 2016-10-28.
- ↑ Maspero, G., & Tips, W. E. J. (2002). The Champa Kingdom: The history of an extinct Vietnamese culture. Bangkok, Thailand: White Lotus Press. ISBN 9747534991.
- ↑ Kuanzia mwaka 1513 kitabu kilianza kuchapwa, kwa mfano:
- Giuseppe Venni, Elogio storico alle gesta del Beato Odorico (Venice, 1761)
- Henry Yule in Cathay and the Way Thither, vol. i. pp. 1–162, vol. ii. appendix, pp. 1–42 (London, 1866), Hakluyt Society
- Henri Cordier, Les Voyages ... du frère Odoric ... (Paris, 1891) (edition of Old French version of c. 1350). Available at the Internet Archive
- Teofilo Domenichelli, Sopra la vita e i viaggi del Beato Odorico da Pordenone dell'ordine de'minori (Prato, 1881) (includes a Latin and an Italian text) (available at the Internet Archive)
- text embedded in the Storia universale delle Missione Francescane, by Marcellino da Civezza, iii. 739-781
- text embedded in Richard Hakluyt's Principal Navigations (1599), ii. 39-67.
- John of Viktring (Johannes Victoriensis) in Fontes rerum Germanicarum, ed. Johann Friedrich Böhmer vol. i. ed. by J. G. Cotta (Stuttgart, 1843), p. 391
- Luke Wadding, Annales Minorum, A.D. 1331, vol. vii. pp. 123–126
- Bartholomew Rinonico, Opus conformitatum ... B. Francisci ..., bk. i. par. ii. conf. 8 (fol. 124 of Milan, edition of 1513)
- John of Winterthur in Eccard, Corpus historicum medii aevi, vol. i. cols. 1894-1897, especially 1894
- CR Beazley, Dawn of Modern Geography, iii. 250-287, 548-549, 554, 565-566, 612-613.
Marejeo
hariri- Dāsa, J. P. (1982). Puri paintings: The chitrakāra and his work. Atlantic Highlands, N.J: Humanities Press.
- Mitter, P. (1977). Much maligned monsters: History of European reactions to Indian art. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
- Starza, O. M. (1993). The Jagannatha Temple at Puri: Its architecture, art, and cult. Leiden: E.J. Brill.
Marejeo mengine
hariri- BRESSAN, L.. 1997. “ODORIC OF PORDENONE (1265-1331). His Vision of China and South-east Asia and His Contribution to Relations Between Asia and Europe”. Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society 70 (2 (273)). Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society: 1–23. http://www.jstor.org/stable/41493334.
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