Kazakhstan

Kazakhstan ni nchi ambayo kwa kiasi kikubwa iko katika Asia ya Kati.

Қазақстан Республикасы
Qazaqstan Respublïkası
Республика Казахстан
Respublika Kazakhstan
Jamhuri ya Kazakhstan

Bendera Nembo
Kaulimbiu ya taifa:
Wimbo wa taifa: Kazakhstan yangu
Mji mkuu	Nursultan 51°10′ N 71°30′ E
Mji mkubwa nchini	Almaty
Lugha rasmi	Kikazakh, Kirusi
Serikali Rais Waziri Mkuu	Jamhuri Kassym-Jomart Tokayev (Қасым-Жомарт Тоқаев) Oljas Bektenov (Олжас Бектенов)
Uhuru Ilitangazwa ilikamilika	16 Desemba 1991 25 Desemba 1991
Eneo  - Jumla  - Maji (%)	2,724,900 km² (ya 9) 1.7
Idadi ya watu  - July 2015 kadirio  - 1999 sensa  - Msongamano wa watu	17,563,300 (ya 62) 14,953,100 5.94/km² (ya 227)
Fedha	Tenge ya Kazakhstan (KZT)
Saa za eneo  - Kiangazi (DST)	(UTC+5 to +6) (UTC)
Intaneti TLD	.kz
Kodi ya simu	+7 -

Ramani ya Kazakhstan

Imepakana na Urusi, China, Kirgizstan, Uzbekistan na Turkmenistan.

Mji mkuu ni Nursultan (mpaka mwaka 2019 jina lake lilikuwa Astana); Almaty ilishika nafasi hiyo hadi 1996.

Jiografia

Kazakhstan ina eneo la km² 2,717,300; ni nchi kubwa ya tisa duniani. Sehemu kubwa iko upande wa Asia na nyingine ndogo upande wa Ulaya.

Upande wa magharibi inaanza katika tambarare za mto Volga pamoja na Bahari ya Kaspi na kuelekea hadi milima ya Altai upande wa China. Kusini iko milima ya Tienshan yenye kimo cha mita 7,000 na ziwa Aral. Upande wa kaskazini hakuna mpaka asilia na Siberia.

Historia

Jina la nchi limetokana na Wakazakhi ambao ni taifa la watu wanaotumia Kikazakhi, mojawapo ya lugha za Kiturki.

Eneo liliwahi kuwa sehemu ya milki mbalimbali lakini tangu karne ya 15 Wakazakhi walijaribu kuungana mata kadhaa bila mafanikio ya kudumu.

Tangu karne ya 17 milki ya Urusi ilianza kuenea katika Asia ya Kati na hadi mwaka 1865 eneo lote la Kazakhstan lilitawaliwa na Urusi.

Baada ya mapinduzi ya Urusi ya 1917 Wakomunisti walichukua nafasi ya Matsar wa awali wakafanya nchi kuwa jamhuri yenye kiwango cha kujitawala ndani ya Jamhuri ya Kirusi ya Umoja wa Kisovyeti.

Mwaka 1936 nchi ilipewa cheo cha jamhuri kamili ndani ya Umoja wa Kisovyeti, ikijulikana kwa jina la "Jamhuri ya Kisovyeti ya Kikazakhi".. Katika miaka iliyofuata Warusi na watu wa mataifa mengine ya Umoja huo walihamishwa nchini hadi Wakazakhi kubaki kuwa chini ya nusu ya wakazi wote.

Miaka 1990/1991 wakati wa kuporomoka kwa Umoja wa Kisovyeti jamhuri ilijiondoa polepole. Kiongozi wa chama cha kikomunisti cha Kazakhstan Nursultan Nasarbajew alitangaza uhuru na kuwa rais wa kwanza akiendelea kutawala hadi mwaka 2019.

Wakazi

Wakazi wengi (65.5%) ni Wakazakhi wanaozungumza Kikazakhi, lugha ya jamii ya Kituruki, wakifuatwa na Warusi wanaozungumza lugha yao ya jamii ya Kislavoni (21.5%). Ya kwanza ndiyo lugha ya taifa, ya pili ni pia lugha rasmi. Kuna makabila mengine 30, kama vile Wauzbeki (3.0%), Waukraina (1.8%) n.k.

Upande wa dini, 70.2% ni Waislamu (hasa Wasuni) na 26.3% Wakristo (hasa Waorthodoksi 23.9%, wakifuatwa na Wakatoliki na Waprotestanti, jumla 2.3%). Baada ya uhuru, dini zote zimepata uhai mpya na kujenga maabadi mengi. Serikali haina dini, lakini inaziheshimu zote.

Tazama pia

• Mikoa ya Kazakhstan
• Orodha ya lugha za Kazakhstan
• Orodha ya nchi kufuatana na wakazi

Marejeo

• Alexandrov, Mikhail (1999). Uneasy Alliance: Relations Between Russia and Kazakhstan in the Post-Soviet Era, 1992–1997. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-30965-5.
• Clammer, Paul; Kohn, Michael; Mayhew, Bradley (2004). Lonely Planet Guide: Central Asia. Oakland, CA: Lonely Planet. ISBN 1-86450-296-7. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |lastauthoramp= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
• Cummings, Sally (2002). Kazakhstan: Power and the Elite. London: Tauris. ISBN 1-86064-854-1.
• Demko, George (1997). The Russian Colonization of Kazakhstan. New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-7007-0380-2.
• Fergus, Michael; Jandosova, Janar (2003). Kazakhstan: Coming of Age. London: Stacey International. ISBN 1-900988-61-5. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |lastauthoramp= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
• George, Alexandra (2001). Journey into Kazakhstan: The True Face of the Nazarbayev Regime. Lanham: University Press of America. ISBN 0-7618-1964-9.
• Martin, Virginia (2000). Law and Custom in the Steppe. Richmond: Curzon. ISBN 0-7007-1405-7.
• Nazarbayev, Nursultan (2001). Epicenter of Peace. Hollis, NH: Puritan Press. ISBN 1-884186-13-0.
• Nazpary, Joma (2002). Post-Soviet Chaos: Violence and Dispossession in Kazakhstan. London: Pluto Press. ISBN 0-7453-1503-8.
• Olcott, Martha Brill (2002). Kazakhstan: Unfulfilled Promise. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press. ISBN 0-87003-189-9.
• Rall, Ted (2006). Silk Road to Ruin: Is Central Asia the New Middle East?. New York: NBM. ISBN 1-56163-454-9.
• Robbins, Christopher (2007). In Search of Kazakhstan: The Land That Disappeared. London: Profile Books. ISBN 978-1-86197-868-4.
• Rosten, Keith (2005). Once in Kazakhstan: The Snow Leopard Emerges. New York: iUniverse. ISBN 0-595-32782-6.
• Thubron, Colin (1994). The Lost Heart of Asia. New York: HarperCollins. ISBN 0-06-018226-1.

Viungo vya nje

• Caspian Pipeline Controversy from the Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives
• Country Profile from BBC News.
• Kazakhstan entry at The World Factbook
• Kazakhstan information from the United States Department of State
• Portals to the World from the United States Library of Congress.
• Kazakhstan Archived 4 Machi 2016 at the Wayback Machine. at UCB Libraries GovPubs.
• Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Kazakhstan Archived 29 Septemba 2011 at the Wayback Machine.
• World Bank Data & Statistics for Kazakhstan Archived 29 Septemba 2011 at the Wayback Machine.
• Kazakhstan Internet Encyclopedia
• Kazakhstan at 20 years of independence, The Economist, Dec 17th 2011
• "Blowing the lid off" – Unrest in Kazakhstan, The Economist, Dec 20th 2011
• The Region Initiative (TRI)
• Kazakhstan katika Open Directory Project
• Wikimedia Atlas of Kazakhstan
• Country Facts from Kazakhstan Discovery
• 2008 Human Rights Report: Kazakhstan. Department of State; Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor
• Key Development Forecasts for Kazakhstan from International Futures.

Serikali

• Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Kazakhstan Archived 29 Septemba 2011 at the Wayback Machine.
• E-Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan
• Tovuti rasmi Archived 10 Agosti 2019 at the Wayback Machine.
• Chief of State and Cabinet Members Archived 17 Septemba 2013 at the Wayback Machine.

Biashara

• World Bank Summary Trade Statistics Kazakhstan

Makala hii kuhusu maeneo ya Asia bado ni mbegu. Je unajua kitu kuhusu Kazakhstan kama historia yake, biashara, taasisi zilizopo, watu au utamaduni? Labda unaona habari katika wikipedia ya Kiingereza au lugha nyingine zinazofaa kutafsiriwa? Basi unaweza kuisaidia Wikipedia kwa kuihariri na kuongeza habari.

Makala hii kuhusu maeneo ya Ulaya bado ni mbegu. Je unajua kitu kuhusu Kazakhstan kama historia yake, biashara, taasisi zilizopo, watu au utamaduni? Labda unaona habari katika wikipedia ya Kiingereza au lugha nyingine zinazofaa kutafsiriwa? Basi unaweza kuisaidia Wikipedia kwa kuihariri na kuongeza habari.