Historia ya Kanisa Katoliki

Historia ya Kanisa Katoliki inahusu Kanisa hilo lililo la zamani (Waorthodoksi na Waorthodoksi wa Mashariki wanashiriki sifa hiyo) na kubwa kuliko madhehebu yote ya Ukristo, hivyo historia yake inashika sehemu muhimu ya historia ya Kanisa lote duniani tangu lilipoanza mwaka 30 hivi BK hadi leo.

Baada ya Yesu Kristo kuhubiri na kukusanya wafuasi kati ya Wayahudi wa karne ya 1, hao walitumwa naye duniani kote, hasa wanaume 12 aliowaita Mitume, yaani "waliotumwa".

Waandamizi wao katika uongozi wa Kanisa walianza kuitwa maaskofu, na kati yao yule wa Roma alizidi kushika nafasi ya pekee kwa sababu Mtume Petro alifia dini katika mji huo kutokana na dhuluma dhidi ya Ukristo ambayo ilianzishwa na Kaisari Nero (mwaka 64) na kuendelea kwa kwikwi hadi ilipokomeshwa na Kaisari Konstantino Mkuu aliyetangaza huko Milano uhuru wa dini kwa wananchi wote (313).

Dhuluma haikufaulu kuzuia uenezi wa dini hiyo mpya katika dola la Roma.

Mwishoni mwa karne ya 2, maaskofu walianza kukusanyika katika sinodi ili kuamua kuhusu masuala ya imani n.k. Mwaka 325 Konstantino aliitisha huko Nisea mtaguso mkuu wa kwanza wa maaskofu wote ili kurudisha umoja wa Kanisa uliovurugwa na uzushi wa Ario kuhusu Yesu Kristo.

Mwaka 380 Kaisari Theodosius I alifanya Ukristo wa Kikatoliki kuwa dini rasmi ya dola hilo kubwa lililoendelea kwa namna tofauti mashariki na magharibi kwa karne nyingi zilizofuata. Ushindi huo ulifanya wengi watamani vyeo ndani ya Kanisa, kwa kuwa viliendana sasa na heshima na mali: hivyo ubora ulipungua. Kabla yake Armenia ilikuwa nchi ya kwanza kupokea Ukristo kama dini ya taifa (301).

Ushindani kati ya majimbo makuu muhimu zaidi (Roma, Konstantinopoli, Aleksandria, Antiokia na Yerusalemu) ulisababisha mafarakano makuu (431, 451, 1054) yaliyoacha Kanisa Katoliki katika Ulaya magharibi karibu peke yake.

Huko, katika fujo iliyosababishwa na makabila yasiyostaarabika ya Wagermanik walioteka maeneo yote ya magharibi, lilichukua jukumu la kuokoa ustaarabu wa Ugiriki wa Kale na Roma ya Kale uliokwishaathiriwa na Ukristo kwa kiasi kikubwa.

Katika juhudi hizo, monasteri za Wabenedikto na wamisionari waliotumwa katika Ulaya nzima walitoa mchango mkubwa, pamoja na ule wa Karolo Mkuu, mfalme wa Wafaranki, kabila la Kigerumanik muhimu zaidi katika historia, ambalo lilikuwa la kwanza kuingia Kanisa Katoliki moja kwa moja bila kupitia Ukristo wa Kiario.

Karolo alitawazwa na Papa Leo III kuwa Kaisari wa magharibi (800). Ushirikiano kati ya Mapapa na Makaisari wa Dola Takatifu la Kiroma (Ujerumani wa leo na nchi za kandokando) ulikuwa na mafanikio kadhaa na matatizo mengi zaidi na zaidi.

Baada ya Uislamu kuanza katika karne ya 7 na kuteka maeneo mengi ya Kikristo, Kanisa Katoliki liliona wajibu wake kuitikia maombi ya Wakristo waliohitaji msaada dhidi ya dhuluma iliyolenga kuwafanya wasilimu. Ndiyo chanzo cha Vita vya msalaba vilivyotawala karne zilizofuata.

Wengi wanaona karne ya 13 kuwa kilele cha matunda wa Kanisa Katoliki katika kulea upya Ulaya magharibi kwa kuzaa hasa mashirika ya ombaomba ya Fransisko wa Asizi na Dominiko Guzman, mitindo mipya ya sanaa, pamoja na vyuo vikuu walipostawi walimu wa Kanisa kama Thoma wa Akwino na Bonaventura.

Utaifa, uliotokea Ulaya magharibi kuanzia ufalme wa Ufaransa katika karne ya 14, ulivuruga umoja wa Kanisa kiasi kwamba kwanza Mapapa waliishi Avignon, mbali na Roma, kwa miaka 69 (1309-1378), halafu kwa miaka 38 (1378-1409) kukawa na Farakano la Kanisa la Magharibi, waamini wengine wakimfuata Papa wa Roma na wengine Antipapa wa Avignon wakidhani ndiye Papa wa kweli.

Mambo hayo na makwazo mengine, yaliyofanya wengi wadai bila mafanikio urekebisho wa Kanisa tangu karne za nyuma, hatimaye yalichangia katika karne ya 16 ustawi wa Matengenezo ya Kiprotestanti ambayo yalitenga na Papa sehemu kubwa ya Ulaya Kaskazini na kuvunjikavunjika katika madhehebu mengi. Hapo juhudi za urekebisho wa Kikatoliki ziliongezeka na kuleta hali mpya hasa baada ya Mtaguso wa Trento (1545-1563).

Kabla ya hapo, uvumbuzi wa njia za baharini za kufikia Amerika (1492), bara lililokuwa halijulikani na Wakristo, na Asia mashariki, ulichochea upya umisionari. Kwa kuwa nchi zilizoshika kwa kiasi kikubwa maeneo mapya duniani kote wakati huo zilikuwa za Kikatoliki (Hispania na Ureno), Kanisa kwa kutumia hasa mashirika ya kitawa liliweza kufidia upungufu uliosababishwa na Uprotestanti.

Upinzani dhidi yake uliojitokeza katika Matengenezo hayo, ulizidi kupata nguvu katika Zama za Mwangaza na Mapinduzi ya Kifaransa (karne ya 18), halafu katika Ukomunisti ulioenea kutoka Urusi hadi thuluthi moja ya dunia (karne ya 20) na kuua Wakatoliki milioni kadhaa (mbali na Waorthodoksi wengi zaidi).

Mbele ya changamoto hizo, Mtaguso wa pili wa Vatikano (1962-1965) ulielekeza njia mpya za kuendeleza Ukristo katika ulimwengu wa kisasa.

Kwa mtazamo wa imani, historia hiyo yote inaonyesha upande mmoja udhaifu na ukosefu wa Wakatoliki hata katika ngazi za juu, lakini pia uwezo wa neema ya Mungu wa kuleta watakatifu wapya katika mazingira yoyote.

Tazama pia

• Historia ya Kanisa

Marejeo

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