Marekani

Muungano wa Madola ya Amerika (kwa Kiingereza: United States of America), hujulikana pia kama Marekani (kwa Kiingereza: United States, US, USA au America), ni nchi inayopakana na Kanada na Meksiko katika Amerika ya Kaskazini, mbali ya kuundwa pia na visiwa vya Hawaii.

Muungano wa Madola ya Amerika
United States of America (Kiingereza)
Bendera Nembo
Kaulimbiu ya taifa: "In God We Trust"
Wimbo wa taifa: "The Star-Spangled Banner"
Mahali pa Marekani
Mji mkuu	Washington, D.C. 38°53′N 77°1′W
Mji mkubwa nchini	New York 40°43′N 74°0′W
Lugha za taifa	Kiingereza
Serikali	Jamhuri ya shirikisho
• Rais	Joe Biden
Idadi ya watu
• Kadirio la 2023	334 914 895
Pato la taifa	Kadirio la 2023
• Jumla	USD trilioni 26.950
• Kwa kila mtu	USD 80 412
Sarafu	Dola ya Marekani

Mji mkuu wa Marekani ni Washington DC.

Eneo

Marekani bara

Picha kutoka angani ikionyesha majimbo 48 ya Marekani yanayopakana

Eneo la Marekani lina ukubwa wa kilometa mraba 9,826,675 na liko hasa katika bara la Amerika Kaskazini kati ya Kanada upande wa kaskazini na Meksiko upande wa kusini.

Marekani imeunganisha upana wote wa bara kutoka Bahari ya Atlantiki hadi Pasifiki, ikigawanywa kwa majimbo 48 yanayojitawala.

Eneo hilo lagawiwa katikati na mto mkubwa Mississippi unaoanza mpakani kwa Kanada na kuishia katika Ghuba ya Meksiko.

Alaska

Jimbo la Alaska liko pia kwenye bara la Amerika Kaskazini upande wa kaskazini kutoka Kanada kuelekea Urusi, lakini halipakani na jimbo lolote la Marekani.

Hawaii

Funguvisiwa la Hawaii ni jimbo la visiwani katika bahari ya Pasifiki. Ni jimbo la 50 na la mwisho mpaka sasa.

Visiwa vya ng'ambo vya Marekani

Maeneo ya ng'ambo ya Marekani ni visiwa kadhaa ambavyo ni maeneo ya Kimarekani ingawa si sehemu ya jimbo lolote. Zamani yalikuwa kama makoloni hata kama Marekani ilidai kutokuwa na ukoloni. Siku hizi maeneo haya yamepata viwango mbalimbali vya kujitawala. Kwa kawaida maeneo haya huchagua pia wawakilishi kwa ajili ya bunge la Marekani lakini wawakilishi hao si wabunge wa kawaida, bali wana haki ya kusema na kushauri tu bila haki ya kupiga kura.

Visiwa muhimu kati ya hivyo ni kama ifuatavyo:

• Puerto Rico (Karibi)
• Visiwa vya Virgin vya Marekani (Karibi)
• Visiwa vya Mariana (Pasifiki)
• Guam (Pasifiki)

Milima

^{angalia: Orodha ya milima ya Marekani}

Safu ya milima ya Rocky Mountains inavuka Marekani yote kutoka kaskazini hadi kusini upande wa magharibi.

Mito

^{angalia: Orodha ya mito ya Marekani}

Mto mkubwa wa Marekani ni Mto Mississippi.

Historia

Uenezi wa nchi hatua kwa hatua.

Nchi ilianza kama mkusanyiko wa makoloni ya Uingereza kwenye pwani ya mashariki ya Amerika ya Kaskazini tangu karne ya 17. Walowezi kutoka Uingereza walijipatia ardhi wakipigana na wenyeji Waindio.

Katika vita ya uhuru wa Marekani makoloni yalipata uhuru wao uliotangazwa mwaka 1776 na kukubaliwa na Uingereza baada ya vita mwaka 1783.

Baadaye Marekani ilipanua eneo lake hadi bahari ya Pasifiki ikatwaa ardhi ya Maindio wazalendo, ikapokea wahamiaji wengi kutoka nchi zote za Ulaya pamoja na watumwa walioletwa kutoka Afrika.

Tangu karne ya 19 wahamiaji walifika pia kutoka Asia, hasa China na Japani.

Katika vita dhidi Hispania na Meksiko, Marekani ilipanua eneo lake kwenda kusini.

Vita ya wenyewe kwa wenyewe ya Marekani ilipigwa kuanzia 1861 hadi 1865 kati ya majimbo ya kusini na majimbo ya kaskazini nchini Marekani. Sababu mojawapo muhimu ya vita ilikuwa suala la utumwa. Majimbo ya kaskazini yaliwahi kupiga utumwa marufuku lakini majimbo ya kusini yaliendelea na sheria zilizoruhusu utumwa na matajiri wengi wa kusini walitegemea kazi ya watumwa. Mafarakano yalianza kuhusu swali kama madola mapya yaliyoanzishwa katika Amerika Kaskazini na kujiunga Muungano yangeruhusiwa kukubali utumwa au la. Mwaka 1861 madola ya kusini-mashariki yalitangaza kujiondoa katika Muungano na kuanzisha "Shirikisho la Madola ya Amerika". Vita ilianza na kudumu miaka minne na watu 650.000 walikufa, lakini mwishoni kaskazini ilishinda. Utumwa ulipigwa marufuku na watumwa walipewa haki za kiraia. Lakini watumwa wengi wa awali waliendelea kuwa maskini na baada ya muda, sheria mpya katika majimbo ya kusini zilinyima haki nyingi za kiraia za watu weusi waliopaswa kuishi chini mfumo wa ubaguzi wa rangi.

100 Dollars

Katika miongo iliyofuata, Marekani ilitwaa maeneo yaliyowahi kubaki chini ya mamlaka ya Waindio wazalendo na kuyafanya maeneo yake. Katika Vita ya Marekani dhidi Hispania kwenye mwaka 1898 ilijipatia utawala juu ya Ufilipino na Puerto Rico, makoloni ya awali ya Hispania, na kuwa yenyewe nchi iliyotawala makaloni.

Wahamiaji mamilioni waliendelea kufika hasa kutoka Ulaya. Kabla ya mwaka 1880 idadi kubwa walitoka Ujerumani, Eire, Uingereza na Uskoti, pamoja na Wachina waliotafuta kazi hasa Kalifornia. Baada ya mwaka 1880 hadi Vita Kuu ya Kwanza ya Dunia (1914-1918) wengi walifika kutoka Ulaya ya Kusini na Mashariki, hasa Waitalia, Wayahudi kutoka Milki ya Urusi, Wapolandi na wenyeji wa nchi nyingine za Kislavi. Wahamiaji hao walileta pia tamaduni zao na kukubali mishahara midogo kuliko wenyeji waliowahi kufika mapema; hali hiy ilileta mara kadhaa sheria zilizolenga kuweka mipaka; sheria ya 1882 ilikataa kufika kwa Wachina, sheria ya 1922 ililenga kupunguza idadi ya Waitalia, Wayahudi na watu wa Ulaya ya Mashariki kwa kutaja mipaka kwa kila nchi ya asili.

Katika siasa ya nje, Marekani iliwahi kutangaza tangu mwaka 1823 kwamba ilitazama Amerika yote kama eneo ambako haikubali kuingiliwa na nchi za Ulaya; wakati ule koloni nyingi za Amerika ya Kusini zilikuwa zikifaulu kupata uhuru kutoka Hispania, na Marekani ilitaka kusisitiza isingekubali kuingia kwa mataifa mengine ya Ulaya.

Katika miongo iliyofuata uchumi wa Marekani uliimarishwa pamoja na kukua kwa sekta ya viwanda na wafanyabiashara wa Marekani walipanua biashara yao kimataifa; mnamo 1854 manowari za Marekani ziliilazimisha Japani kukubali kufunguliwa kwa ubalozi na kupokea wafanyabiashara. Meli za wafanyabiashara wa Marekani zilifika kote duniani, tangu miaka ya 1830 hadi Zanzibar ambako ubalozi mdogo ulifunguliwa mwaka 1837. Wakati wa vita dhidi ya Hispania Marekani ilihakikisha pia nafasi yake katika bishara ya China dhidi ya mipango ya mataifa ya Ulaya ya kuigawa nchi hiyo.

Mwaka 1917 Marekani iliingia katika Vita Kuu ya Kwanza upande wa Uingereza na Ufaransa; baada ya vita rais Woodrow Wilson alishawishi mataifa mengine kuanzisha Shirikisho la Mataifa lakini bunge lilizuia kuingia kwa Marekani katika umoja huo.

Mdodoro mkuu wa mwaka 1929 ulileta matatizo makubwa kwa uchumi na hata njaa kwa raia wengi lakini ulileta pia siasa mpya ya "New Deal" chini ya rais Franklin D. Roosevelt ambako mara ya kwanza programu za kisiasa zilitumia mapato ya serikali kwa shabaha ya kusaidia idadi kubwa ya wananchi waliokuwa bila kazi, bila nyumba na bila mapato; vijana mamilioni waliajiriwa na serikali kwa kazi ya kujenga miundombinu (barabara, mifereji) na kuboresha hifadhi za taifa.

Mwaka 1941 Marekani iliingia katika Vita Kuu ya Pili ya Dunia baada ya kushambuliwa na Japani na kupokea tangazo la vita kutoka Ujerumani. Uwezo wa kiuchumi wa Marekani uliwezesha ushindi wa mataifa ya ushirikiano. Uwezo wake wa kisayansi ulipanushwa na wanasayansi kama Albert Einstein waliopaswa kukimbia udiketa wa Hitler katika Ujerumani na kuiwezesha kutengeneza mabomu ya kwanza ya nyuklia yaliyotumiwa 1945 pale Hiroshima na Nagasaki.

Katika miongo ya vita baridi iliyofuata, Marekani ilikuwa taifa la kuongoza nchi zenye demokrasia na pia zile ambazo zilisimama upande wa ubepari tu bila demokrasia dhidi ya nchi za kikomunisti zilizoongozwa na Umoja wa Kisovyeti.

Mwanzo wa miaka ya 1960 ilishindana na Umoja wa Kisovyeti katika mbio wa kuingia katika anga-nje ikafaulu kupeleka watu wa kwanza hadi Mwezi mnamo 1969. Kutokana na ushindani wa Marekani na nchi za ukomunisti Marekani iliingia katika vita ya wenyewe kwa wenyewe ya Vietnam hadi kushindwa pale mwaka 1975.

Vilevile miaka ya 1960 ilikuwa kipindi cha mapambano kwa ajili ya haki za watu weusi, wajukuu wa watumwa wa awali hasa katika kusini ya Marekani. Sheria zilizotenganisha watu pamoja na matumizi ya shule, vyuo, majengo na taasisi za burudani kulingana na rangi ya ngozi, zilizozuia ndoa kati watu wa rangi tofauti na kuzuia watu maskini wasitumie haki za kiraa zilipigwa marufuku bila kuondoa tofauti katika uwezo wa kiuchumi kati ya makundi katika jamii.

Mapinduzi ya kiteknolojia ya kompyuta na intaneti yalienea hapa haraka kushinda sehemu nyingine za Dunia.

Watu

Nchi ina wakazi zaidi ya milioni 333, na ina mchanganyiko mkubwa wa asili kuliko nyingine yoyote duniani. Waliojitambulisha kama Wazungu ni 61.6%, Waafrika 12.6%, Waasia 6%, Waindio 1.1%, machotara 10.2% n.k.

Lugha

Ingawa Muungano hauna lugha rasmi, majimbo yake 32 yanaipa hadhi hiyo lugha ya Kiingereza, iliyo lugha ya kwanza kwa wakazi 229,000,000 kati ya 308,000,000.

Wakazi wengine wanatumia lugha nyingine nyingi, hasa kulingana na nchi ya asili ya ukoo wao. Kati ya lugha hizo, inaongoza kwa mbali ile ya Kihispania (milioni 37). Nyingine ni Kichina, Kitagalog, Kivietnam, Kifaransa, Kikorea na Kijerumani.

Dini

Nchini dini zote zina uhuru mkubwa, tena kwa asilimia 59 ya wakazi dini ina umuhimu wa hali ya juu, tofauti na nchi tajiri nyingine duniani.

Asilimia 70 ya wakazi wanafuata Ukristo katika mojawapo ya madhehebu yake, hasa ya Uprotestanti (34%), ingawa ile kubwa zaidi ni Kanisa Katoliki (23%); Wakristo wengine ni 11% na Wamormoni 2%.

Dini nyingine zina asilimia 6, na kati yake inaongoza ile ya Uyahudi (1.9%), ikifuatwa na Uislamu (0.9%).

Watu maarufu

• Abraham Lincoln
• George Gershwin
• Herman Wouk
• James Kirkwood
• John Kennedy
• John Michael Talbot
• Kateri Tekakwitha
• Leo Sowerby
• Martin Luther King
• Thomas Jefferson
• William Carlos Williams
• William Saroyan

Tazama pia

• Orodha ya majimbo ya Marekani
• Orodha ya Marais wa Marekani
• Orodha ya chaguzi za Rais wa Marekani
• Peace Corps
• Orodha ya nchi kufuatana na wakazi

Marejeo

Viungo vya Nje

• Acharya, Viral V.; Cooley, Thomas F.; Richardson, Matthew P.; Walter, Ingo (2010). Regulating Wall Street: The Dodd-Frank Act and the New Architecture of Global Finance. Wiley. uk. 592. ISBN 978-0-470-76877-8.
• Barth, James; Jahera, John (2010). "US Enacts Sweeping Financial Reform Legislation". Journal of Financial Economic Policy. 2 (3): 192–195.
• Berkin, Carol; Miller, Christopher L.; Cherny, Robert W.; Gormly, James L. (2007). Making America: A History of the United States, Volume I: To 1877. Cengage Learning. uk. 75., Book
• Bianchine, Peter J.; Russo, Thomas A. (1992). "The Role of Epidemic Infectious Diseases in the Discovery of America". 13 (5). OceanSide Publications, Inc.: 225–232. Iliwekwa mnamo Septemba 9, 2012. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
• Boyer, Paul S.; Clark, Clifford E. Jr.; Kett, Joseph F.; Salisbury, Neal; Sitkoff, Harvard; Woloch, Nancy (2007). The Enduring Vision: A History of the American People. Cengage Learning. uk. 588. ISBN 978-0-618-80161-9., Book
• Clingan, Edmund. An Introduction to Modern Western Civilization. iUniverse. ISBN 978-1-4620-5439-8., Book
• Calloway, Colin G. New Worlds for All: Indians, Europeans, and the Remaking of Early America. JHU Press. uk. 229. ISBN 978-0-8018-5959-5., Book
• Davis, Kenneth C. (1996). Don't know much about the Civil War. New York: William Marrow and Co. uk. 518. ISBN 0-688-11814-3., Book
• Daynes, Byron W.; Sussman, Glen (eds.) (2010). White House Politics and the Environment: Franklin D. Roosevelt to George W. Bush. Texas A&M University Press. uk. 320. ISBN 978-1-60344-254-1. Presidential environmental policies, 1933–2009 {{cite book}}: |first2= has generic name (help), Book
• Feldstein, Sylvan G.; Fabozzi, Frank J., CFA. The Handbook of Municipal Bonds. John Wiley & Sons, January 13, 2011. uk. 1376. ISBN 978-1-118-04494-0.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link), Book
• Gold, Susan Dudley (2006). United States V. Amistad: Slave Ship Mutiny. Marshall Cavendish. uk. 144. ISBN 978-0-7614-2143-6., Book
• Ferguson, Thomas; Rogers, Joel (1986). "The Myth of America's Turn to the Right". The Atlantic. 257 (5): 43–53. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 2015-01-04. Iliwekwa mnamo Machi 11, 2013. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
• Fraser, Steve; Gerstle, Gary (1989). The Rise and Fall of the New Deal Order: 1930–1980. American History: Political science. Princeton University Press. uk. 311. ISBN 978-0-691-00607-9.
• Gordon, John Steele (2004). An Empire of Wealth: The Epic History of American Economic Power. HarperCollins., Book
• Graebner, Norman A.; Burns, Richard Dean; Siracusa, Joseph M. (2008). Reagan, Bush, Gorbachev: Revisiting the End of the Cold War. Praeger Security International Series. Greenwood Publishing Group. uk. 180. ISBN 978-0-313-35241-6.
• Hughes, David (2007). The British Chronicles. Juz. la 1. Westminster, Maryland: Heritage Books. uk. 347.
• Jacobs, Lawrence R. (2010). Health Care Reform and American Politics: What Everyone Needs to Know: What Everyone Needs to Know. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-978142-3.
• Johnson, Paul (1997). A History of the American People. HarperCollins. ku. 26–30., eBook version
• Kessel, William B.; Wooster, Robert (2005). Encyclopedia of Native American Wars and Warfare. Facts on File library of American History. Infobase Publishing. uk. 398. ISBN 978-0-8160-3337-9., Book
• Kolko, Gabriel (1988). Confronting the Third World: United States Foreign Policy, 1945–1980. New York, NY: Pantheon. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Leckie, Robert (1990). None died in vain: The Saga of the American Civil War. New York: Harper-Collins. uk. 682. ISBN 0-06-016280-5., Book
• Leffler, Melvyn P. (2010). "The emergence of an American grand strategy, 1945–1952". In Melvyn P. Leffler and Odd Arne Westad, eds.,The Cambridge History of the Cold War, Volume 1: Origins (pp. 67–89). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-83719-4. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Lemon, James T. (1987). "Colonial America in the 18th Century". Katika Robert D. Mitchell; Paul A. Groves (whr.). North America: the historical geography of a changing continent. Rowman & Littlefield., PDF Archived 23 Januari 2013 at the Wayback Machine.
• Lien, Ph.D., Arnold Johnson (1913). Studies in History, Economics, and Public Law, Volume 54. Longmans, Green & Co., Agents, London; Columbia University, New York. uk. 604.
• Karen Woods Weierman (2005). One Nation, One Blood: Interracial Marriage In American Fiction, Scandal, And Law, 1820–1870. University of Massachusetts Press. uk. 214. ISBN 978-1-55849-483-1., Book
• Website sourcesLevenstein, Harvey (2003). Revolution at the Table: The Transformation of the American Diet. University of California Press, Berkeley, Los Angeles. ISBN 0-520-23439-1.
• Mann, Kaarin (2007). "Interracial Marriage In Early America: Motivation and the Colonial Project" (PDF). Michigan Journal of History (Fall). University of Michigan. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo (PDF) mnamo 2013-05-15. Iliwekwa mnamo 2015-02-09. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
• Price, David A. (2003). Love and Hate in Jamestown: John Smith, Pocahontas, and the Start of a New Nation. Random House. eBook version
• Quirk, Joel (2011). The Anti-Slavery Project: From the Slave Trade to Human Trafficking. University of Pennsylvania Press. uk. 344. ISBN 978-0-8122-4333-8., Book
• Ranlet, Philip (1999). Alden T. Vaughan (mhr.). New England Encounters: Indians and Euroamericans Ca. 1600–1850. North Eastern University Press.
• Rausch, David A. (1994). Native American Voices. Baker Books, Grand Rapids. uk. 180., Book
• Remini, Robert V. (2007). The House: The History of the House of Representatives. HarperCollins. ku. 2–3., Book
• Ripper, Jason (2008). American Stories: To 1877. M.E. Sharpe. uk. 299. ISBN 978-0-7656-2903-6., Book
• Russell, John Henderson (1913). The Free Negro in Virginia, 1619–1865. Johns Hopkins University. uk. 196., E'Book
• Schneider, Dorothy; Schneider, Carl J. (2007). Slavery in America. Infobase Publishing. uk. 554. ISBN 978-1-4381-0813-1., Book
• Schultz, David Andrew (2009). Encyclopedia of the United States Constitution. Infobase Publishing. uk. 904. ISBN 978-1-4381-2677-7., Book
• Simonson, Peter (2010). Refiguring Mass Communication: A History. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. ISBN 978-0-252-07705-0. He held high the Declaration of Independence, the Constitution, and the nation's unofficial motto, e pluribus unum, even as he was recoiling from the party system in which he had long participated., Book
• Smith, Andrew F. (2004). The Oxford Encyclopedia of Food and Drink in America. New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 131–32. ISBN 0-19-515437-1.
• Soss, Joe (2010). Hacker, Jacob S.; Mettler, Suzanne (whr.). Remaking America: Democracy and Public Policy in an Age of Inequality. Russell Sage Foundation. ISBN 978-1-61044-694-5., Book
• Tadman, Michael (2000). The Demographic Cost of Sugar: Debates on Slave Societies and Natural Increase in the Americas. Juz. la 105. Oxford University Press. {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help), Article
• Taylor, Alan (2002). Eric Foner (mhr.). American Colonies: The Settling of North America. Penguin Books, New York. ISBN 0-670-87282-2., Book
• Thornton, Russell (1987). American Indian Holocaust and Survival: A Population History Since 1492. Volume 186 of Civilization of the American Indian Series. University of Oklahoma Press. uk. 49. ISBN 978-0-8061-2220-5., Book
• Tooze, Adam (2006). The Wages of Destruction: The Making and Breaking of the Nazi Economy. London: Allen Lane. ISBN 978-0-7139-9566-4. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Vaughan, Alden T. (1999). New England Encounters: Indians and Euroamericans Ca. 1600–1850. North Eastern University Press.
• Walton, Gary M.; Rockoff, Hugh (2009). History of the American Economy. Cengage Learning., Book
• Williams, Daniel K. (2012). "Questioning Conservatism's Ascendancy: A Reexamination of the Rightward Shift in Modern American Politics; {Reviews in American History}". 40 (2). The Johns Hopkins University Press: 325–331. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
• Winchester, Simon (2013). The men who United the States. Harper Collins. ku. 198, 216, 251, 253. ISBN 978-0-06-207960-2.
• Zinn, Howard (2005). A People's History of the United States. Harper Perennial Modern Classics. ku. 321–357. ISBN 0-06-083865-5.

Viungo vya nje

• United States entry at The World Factbook
• United States, from the BBC News
• Key Development Forecasts for the United States from International Futures

Serikali

• Official U.S. Government Web Portal Gateway to government sites
• House Official site of the United States House of Representatives
• Senate Official site of the United States Senate
• White House Official site of the President of the United States
• [[[:Kigezo:SCOTUS URL]] Supreme Court] Official site of the Supreme Court of the United States

Historia

• Historical Documents Collected by the National Center for Public Policy Research
• U.S. National Mottos: History and Constitutionality Archived 2006-12-12 at Archive-It Analysis by the Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance
• USA Collected links to historical data

Ramani

• National Atlas of the United States Archived 20 Julai 2006 at the Wayback Machine. Official maps from the U.S. Department of the Interior
• Wikimedia Atlas of the United States
• Measure of America A variety of mapped information relating to health, education, income, and demographics for the U.S.

Vingine

• "Country Profile: United States of America", BBC News, April 22, 2008. Retrieved on May 18, 2008. 
• Cohen, Eliot A. (Julai–Agosti 2004). "History and the Hyperpower". Foreign Affairs. Washington D.C. Iliwekwa mnamo Julai 14, 2006.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
• "Slavery and the Slave Trade in Rhode Island".
• "History of "In God We Trust"". U.S. Department of the Treasury. Machi 8, 2011. Iliwekwa mnamo Februari 23, 2013.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
• "Early History, Native Americans, and Early Settlers in Mercer County". Mercer County Historical Society. 427. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 2012-06-25. Iliwekwa mnamo 2015-02-09., Book
• Nick Hayes. "Looking back 20 years: Who deserves credit for ending the Cold War?", November 6, 2009. Retrieved on March 11, 2013. 
• "59e. The End of the Cold War". U.S. History.org. Independence Hall Association. Iliwekwa mnamo Machi 10, 2013.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
• Levy, Peter B. (1996). Encyclopedia of the Reagan-Bush Years. ABC-CLIO. uk. 442. ISBN 978-0-313-29018-3.
• Wallander, Celeste A. (2003). "Western Policy and the Demise of the Soviet Union". Journal of Cold War Studies. 5 (4). President and Fellows of Harvard College and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology: 137–177.

Makala hii kuhusu maeneo ya Marekani bado ni mbegu. Je unajua kitu kuhusu Marekani kama historia yake, biashara, taasisi zilizopo, watu au utamaduni? Labda unaona habari katika wikipedia ya Kiingereza au lugha nyingine zinazofaa kutafsiriwa? Basi unaweza kuisaidia Wikipedia kwa kuihariri na kuongeza habari.